Oracle Multitenant Database 2.0 - Improvements in Oracle Database 12c Release 2

BASLE BERN BRUGG DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. GENEVA
HAMBURG COPENHAGEN LAUSANNE MUNICH STUTTGART VIENNA ZURICH
Oracle Multitenant Database 2.0
Improvements in Oracle Database 12c Release 2
Markus Flechtner

Our company.
Multitenant 2.0 - Oracle Database 12c Release 22 21.03.17
Trivadis is a market leader in IT consulting, system integration, solution engineering
and the provision of IT services focusing on and technologies
in Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Denmark. We offer our services in the following
strategic business fields:
Trivadis Services takes over the interactive operation of your IT systems.
O P E R A T I O N

COPENHAGEN
MUNICH
LAUSANNE
BERN
ZURICH
BRUGG
GENEVA
HAMBURG
DÜSSELDORF
FRANKFURT
STUTTGART
FREIBURG
BASLE
VIENNA
With over 600 specialists and IT experts in your region.
14 Trivadis branches and more than
600 employees
200 Service Level Agreements
Over 4,000 training participants
Research and development budget:
CHF 5.0 / EUR 4 million
Financially self-supporting and
sustainably profitable
Experience from more than 1,900
projects per year at over 800
customers

About me .. Markus Flechtner
Principal Consultant, Trivadis, Duesseldorf/Germany, since April 2008
Working with Oracle since the 1990’s
– Development (Forms, Reports, PL/SQL)
– Support
– Database Administration
Focus
– Oracle Real Application Clusters
– Database Upgrade- and Migration Projects
Teacher
– O-RAC – Oracle Real Application Clusters
– O-NF12CDBA – Oracle 12c New Features for the DBA
Discipline Manager Infrastructure Database @Trivadis
Blog:
https://www.markusdba.de/
@markusdba
21.03.17 Multitenant 2.0 - Oracle Database 12c Release 24

Technology on its own won't help you.
You need to know how to use it properly.

Agenda
1. Looking back: Multitenant in Oracle Database 12c Release 1
2. General new features
3. New Features for PDB provisioning
4. PDB Lockdown Profiles
5. Resource Management
6. Application Containers
7. Summary

Looking back:
Oracle Multitenant in 12c R1

Oracle Multitenant in 12c R1
The multitenant architecture (“Container Database Architecture”) introduced in
Oracle Database 12c Release 1 enables an Oracle database to work as a container
database (CDB)
A new database architecture designed for:
– consolidation/database virtualization
– fast and easy provisioning
– separation of administrative duties
– rapid movement of user data (unplug/plug)
Pluggable databases (PDBs) are compatible with traditional non-CDB (same behaviour
from the application point of view)
several restrictions in Oracle Database 12c Release 1

Multitenant Database Architecture 12cR1 - overview
PMON SMON LGWR DBW0 DIAG …
SYSTEM SYSAUX REDO CTLUNDO
CDB$ROOT
[RW]
TEMP
SYSTEM SYSAUX TEMP
PDB$SEED [RO]
CRM01 [RW]
SYSTEM SYSAUX TEMP
FA01 [RW]
SYSTEM SYSAUX TEMP
CRM DBA
CDB DBA
FA DBA APP DBA
Application Tablespaces Application Tablespaces

Available database architectures in Oracle 12c
Multitenant 2.0 - Oracle Database 12c Release 210
Non-CDB Architecture
SE2, EE
Single-tenant
SE2, EE
Multitenant
EE + Multitenant Option
21.03.17
Instance Instance Instance
Database CDB$ROOT CDB$ROOT
PDB
PDB
001
PDB
252
...
Deprecated! Future default! Extra licence!

General New Features

Local Undo
In 12c R1 the Undo tablespace was a common resource in the CDB$ROOT container
In 12c R2 the Undo tablespace can be defined on PDB level („LOCAL UNDO“)
This setting has to be defined during the creation of the CDB
– But can be changed afterwards
Local Undo is recommended
– Some new features require local Undo
CREATE DATABASE
..
ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE .. LOCAL UNDO ON .. PDB01 [RW]
Application Tablespaces
SYSTEM SYSAUX UNDO TEMP
CDB$ROOT
[RW]
PDB$SEED
[RO]

Flashback of Pluggable Databases
With local Undo, flashback of a PDB is straightforward:
Without local Undo, Oracle creates an auxiliary instance when flashing back a PDB
– Default auxiliary destination is the Fast Recovery Area
– Can be changed in the „FLASHBACK“-command
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=PDB1;
CREATE RESTORE POINT PDB_FB_DEMO;
..
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=CDB$ROOT;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB1 CLOSE;
FLASHBACK PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB1 TO RESTORE POINT PDB_FB_DEMO;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB1 OPEN RESETLOGS;

Unplug a PDB into PDB archive file
PDB Archive File
– Contains manifest + datafiles
– Extension must be .pdb
It‘s a ZIP file with misleading suffix
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB02 UNPLUG INTO '/tmp/pdb02.pdb';
DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB02 including datafiles;
..
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB02 USING '/tmp/pdb02.pdb'
FILE_NAME_CONVERT=('/tmp','/u01/oradata/TVDCDB1/PDB02');
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB02 open;

Pluggable Databases with different Character Sets
If the CDB character set is AL32UTF8, PDBs with a different character set can be
plugged in
If the CDB character set is not AL32UTF8, all PDBs must use the character set of
CDB$ROOT
It‘s not possible to create a new PDB with a different character set
PDB01 [RW]
AL32UTF8
CDB$ROOT (AL32UTF8)
PDB$SEED
AL32UTF8
PDB02 [RW]
WE8ISO8859P15
PDB01 [RW]
US7ASCII
CDB$ROOT (US7ASCII)
PDB$SEED
US7ASCII
PDB02 [RW]
US7ASCII

„Small things“ (1)
Maximum number of PDBs raised from 252 to 4096 (Exadata + Oracle Cloud only)
Number of PDBSs can be limited
– new parameter MAX_PDBS
– Hitting the limit results in „ORA-65010: maximum number of pluggable databases
created“
Feature availability
– Heatmap and ILM are supported
– Sharding is not supported L
Database Options
– DBCA supports creating a CDB with a subset of features
Important for Single-Tenant!

„Small things“ (2)
Parallel Creation of PDBs
Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) on PDB level
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE .. PARALLEL [DOP];
REM ---- IN CDB$ROOT OR ON PDB LEVEL ---------------------
ALTER SYSTEM SET AWR_PDB_AUTOFLUSH_ENABLED=TRUE SCOPE=BOTH;
REM ---- SET SNAPSHOT INTERVAL ON PDB LEVEL ---------------
BEGIN
DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS
(INTERVAL => 60);
END;
/

New Features for PDB provisioning

Hot Cloning
When cloning a PDB the source PDB does not
need to be READONLY anymore
– CDB must be in Archivelog-mode
– Cloning uses Media Recovery
In Noarchivelog-mode, READONLY mode
for source PDB is still required
Possible with 12.1.0.2, too – but neither
documented nor supported
CDB$ROOT
[RW]
PDB01
[RW]
COPY
PDB02
[RW]

PDB refresh (1)
Idea:
refresh a PDB in regular intervals
Use case: Use cloned PDB as source
for further PDB cloning
Cloned PDB can only be opened in read
only-mode
Refresh can be done manually or
automatically
Source and target PDB must be
in different CDBs
Target PDB must be closed for refresh
CRM01
[RW]
Initial clone CRM02
[RO]
CRM01
[RW]
Propagate
changes
CRM02
[Closed]

PDB refresh (2)
Specify the refresh mode
Other refresh modes
– REFRESH NONE
– REFRESH MODE MANUAL
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB04
2 FROM PDB01@TVDCDB1.trivadistraining.com
2 file_name_convert=
3 ('/u01/oradata/TVDCDB1/PDB01','/u01/oradata/TVDCDB2/PDB04')
4 REFRESH MODE EVERY 240 MINUTES;
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=PDB04;
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE IMMEDIATE;
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE REFRESH;

Relocate a PDB from one CDB to another CDB (1)
Source PDB is closed automatically
Availability Options:
– NORMAL
– MAX: - Connections are redirected
- Listener redirection is established
CDB2
PDB
CDB1

Relocate a PDB from one CDB to another CDB (2)
SQL> create database link TVDCDB1.trivadistraining.com
2 connect to system identified by manager using
3 'TVDCDB1.trivadistraining.com';
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB01
2 FROM pdb01@TVDCDB1.trivadistraining.com
3 RELOCATE AVAILABILITY MAX
4 file_name_convert=
5 ('/u01/oradata/TVDCDB1/PDB01','/u01/oradata/TVDCDB2/PDB01');
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB01 open;

Proxy PDB
Use case: Location Transparency
CDB$ROOT
Local PDB
CDB$ROOT
Remote
PDB
Proxy PDB
SELECT ..
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb01_proxy AS PROXY
FROM pdb01@tvdcdb1.trivadistraining.com;

PDB Lockdown Profiles

PDB Lockdown Profiles (1)
Restrict feature usage on PDB level
Areas
– Network Access
– Common User or Object Access
– Administrative Features
– XML Database Access
– Database Options (e.g. Partitioning)

Create a Lockdown Profile
CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE demo_lckdprf;
ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE demo_lckdprf DISABLE STATEMENT = ('ALTER SYSTEM');
ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE demo_lckdprf ENABLE STATEMENT = ('ALTER SYSTEM')
clause = ('flush shared_pool');
ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE demo_lckdprf DISABLE FEATURE = ('NETWORK_ACCESS');
ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE demo_lckdprf DISABLE OPTION = ('Partitioning');

Activate a profile
– New static parameter on PDB level: PDB_LOCKDOWN
Tipp: Always disable „ALTER SYSTEM“ via Lockdown Profile
alter session set container=PDB1;
ALTER SYSTEM SET PDB_LOCKDOWN = demo_lckdprf SCOPE = SPFILE;
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB1 OPEN;

What happens in the PDB?
SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache;
Error at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;
System altered.
SQL> CREATE TABLE .. PARTITION BY ..
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00439: feature not enabled: Partitioning

Resource Management

Resource Management for Pluggable Databases
In Oracle Database 12c R1
– Parallel Server Processes
– CPU
New in Oracle Database 12c R2
– I/O-Rate-Limits for PDBs
– Memory Management
– Performance Profiles
– Ressource Monitoring

I/O-Rate-Limits for PDBs
New parameters:
To disable a limit, set the parameter to 0 (Default)
Event "resmgr: I/O rate limit“ (V$SYSTEM_EVENT, V$SESSION_EVENT) logs when the
limit was hit
Values set in CDB$ROOT are the default for PDBs
Not supported on Exadata
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET MAX_IOPS = 1000 SCOPE = BOTH;
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET MAX_MBPS = 5 SCOPE = BOTH;

Memory Management for PDBs (1)
Parameter Meaning
DB_CACHE_SIZE Minimum guaranteed buffer cache for the PDB
SHARED_POOL_SIZE Minimum guaranteed shared pool for the PDB
PGA_AGGREGATE_LIMIT Maximum PGA size for the PDB
SGA_MIN_SIZE Minimum SGA size for the PDB
SGA_TARGET Maximum SGA size for the PDB
The following memory related parameters can be set on PDB level:
Memory distribution is managed by the resource manager

Memory Management for PDBs (2)
Requirements
– Parameter NONCDB_COMPATIBLE=FALSE in CDB$ROOT
– MEMORY_TARGET not set in CDB$ROOT
Restrictions for SGA related parameters (if SGA_TARGET=0)
– Sum of all values for SGA (DB_CACHE_SIZE, SGA_MIN_SIZE,
SHARED_POOL_SIZE) for all PDBS must no be higher than 50% of the corresponding
value for CDB$ROOT
Restrictions (PGA)
– PGA_AGGREGATE_LIMIT: less than PGA_AGGREGATE_LIMIT in CDB$ROOT

Performance Profiles (1) – create a profile
A performance profile is a collection of resource manager settings for PDBs
E.G. SLA level (gold, silver, bronze)
Easy way to modify the ressource limits for a group of PDBs
BEGIN DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_CDB_PROFILE_DIRECTIVE
( plan => 'newcdb_plan',
profile => 'gold',
shares => 3,
utilization_limit => 100,
parallel_server_limit => 100);
END;
/

Performance Profiles (2) – assign & activate a profile
New static parameter DB_PERFORMANCE_PROFILE on PDB level
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=PDB1;
--assign the profile
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_PERFORMANCE_PROFILE=gold SCOPE=SPFILE;
-- activate the profile
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB1 OPEN;

Resource Monitoring for PDBs - V$RSRCPDBMETRIC
SQL> SELECT r.CON_ID, p.PDB_NAME, r.IOPS,r.SGA_BYTES, r.SHARED_POOL_BYTES
2 FROM V$RSRCPDBMETRIC r, CDB_PDBS p
3 WHERE r.CON_ID = p.CON_ID;
CON_ID PDB_NAME IOPS SGA_BYTES SHARED_POOL_BYTES
------ --------- ---------- ---------- -----------------
3 PDB01 .440423759 86405592 7401944
4 PDB02 .464230449 51885608 12138024

Application Containers
- An introduction

Application Containers (1) - Overview
Consist of
– Application Root
– Application Seed
– Application PDBs
Simplified update of
applications
Applications can share
– Data model
– Code
– Metadata
– Data
CDB$ROOT
PDB$SEED PDB01
APP$SEED APPPDB2
Application Root
APPPDB1

Application Containers (2) – Application Root
Create Application Root
Create the Application in the Application Root
create pluggable database app_root
AS APPLICATION CONTAINER admin user admin identified by manager;
alter pluggable database application DEMOAPP
begin install '1.0';
.. create users
.. create application objects
alter pluggable database application DEMOAPP end install '1.0';

Application Containers (3) – Application PDB
Create Application PDB
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=APP_ROOT;
create pluggable database APP_PDB1
admin user admin identified by admin;
Alter pluggable database APP_PDB1 open;
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=APP_PDB1;
Alter pluggable database application DEMOAPP sync;
.. after that the application can be used in APP_PDB

Application Containers (4) - Sharing
Application Common Objects (Sharing-Attribute)
CREATE TABLE .. SHARING=METADATA
( col1 .. )
Sharing Definition Data
METADATA APP$ROOT APP$PDB
DATA APP$ROOT APP$ROOT Data can be retrieved from all Appl.PDBs
EXTENDED DATA APP$ROOT APP$ROOT
APP$PDB
Data is stored in Application Root and can
be retrieved from all Application PDBs
Additionally PDB-level data can be stored
in Application PDB
NONE APP$PDB APP$PDB

Application Containers (5) – Upgrade an Application
Upgrade the Application in the Application Root
Upgrade in Application PDB
Same procedure for Patching (“.. BEGIN PATCH ..“)
alter pluggable database application DEMOAPP
begin upgrade from '1.0' to '2.0';
.. modify application objects
alter pluggable database application DEMOAPP end upgrade to '2.0';
Alter pluggable database application DEMOAPP sync;

Summary

Multitenant in Oracle12c Release 2 - Summary
A lot of restrictions from Oracle Database 12c Release 1 were eliminated in Oracle
Database 12c Release 2
New and improved options for provisioning
– Hot cloning
– Refreshable PDBs
– Relocate a PDB (e.g. into the cloud)
Improved Resource Management & Resource Monitoring
Enhanced Security
– Lockdown Profiles
Application Containers
– Release 1.0 of „Multitenancy for Applications“

Further Information
• Oracle Documentation: http://docs.oracle.com/database/122/index.htm
• Oracle Whitepaper „Oracle Multitenant New Features“
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/multitenant/overview/multitenant-wp-12c-
2078248.pdf
• Trivadis TechnoCircle „Oracle 12c Release 2 – New Features“
Düsseldorf, 10. Mai 2017

Questions and Answers
Markus Flechtner
Principal Consultant
Phone +49 211 5866 64725
Markus.Flechtner@Trivadis.com
@markusdba https://www.markusdba.de
The slides will be available on www.doag.org.

Oracle Multitenant Database 2.0 - Improvements in Oracle Database 12c Release 2

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