![Oracle PL/SQL Programming, Sixth Edition
by Steven Feuerstein with Bill Pribyl
Copyright © 2014 Steven Feuerstein, Bill Pribyl. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
alsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safaribooksonline.com).Formoreinformation,contactourcorporate/
institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.
Editor: Ann Spencer
Production Editor: Nicole Shelby
Copyeditor: Rachel Monaghan
Proofreader: Rachel Head
Indexer: Ellen Troutman
Cover Designer: Randy Comer
Interior Designer: David Futato
Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
September 1995: First Edition
September 1997: Second Edition
September 2002: Third Edition
August 2005: Fourth Edition
September 2009: Fifth Edition
January 2014: Sixth Edition
Revision History for the Sixth Edition:
2014-01-22: First release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449324452 for release details.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly
Media, Inc. Oracle PL/SQL Programing, the image of ants, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly
Media, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐
mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained
herein.
ISBN: 978-1-449-32445-2
[QG]
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Oracle PL SQL Programming Sixth Edition Steven Feuerstein
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- 5. Oracle PL SQL Programming Sixth Edition Steven Feuerstein Digital Instant Download Author(s): Steven Feuerstein, Bill Pribyl ISBN(s): 9781449324452, 1449324452 Edition: Sixth Edition File Details: PDF, 15.55 MB Year: 2014 Language: english
- 8. Steven Feuerstein with Bill Pribyl SIXTH EDITION Oracle PL/SQL Programming www.it-ebooks.info
- 9. Oracle PL/SQL Programming, Sixth Edition by Steven Feuerstein with Bill Pribyl Copyright © 2014 Steven Feuerstein, Bill Pribyl. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are alsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safaribooksonline.com).Formoreinformation,contactourcorporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Ann Spencer Production Editor: Nicole Shelby Copyeditor: Rachel Monaghan Proofreader: Rachel Head Indexer: Ellen Troutman Cover Designer: Randy Comer Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest September 1995: First Edition September 1997: Second Edition September 2002: Third Edition August 2005: Fourth Edition September 2009: Fifth Edition January 2014: Sixth Edition Revision History for the Sixth Edition: 2014-01-22: First release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449324452 for release details. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Oracle PL/SQL Programing, the image of ants, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐ mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 978-1-449-32445-2 [QG] www.it-ebooks.info
- 10. To my wife, Veva Silva, whose intelligence, strength, beauty, and art have greatly enriched my life. —Steven Feuerstein To my wife, Norma. Still melting my heart after a quarter century. —Bill Pribyl www.it-ebooks.info
- 12. Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Part I. Programming in PL/SQL 1. Introduction to PL/SQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 What Is PL/SQL? 3 The Origins of PL/SQL 4 The Early Years of PL/SQL 4 Improved Application Portability 5 Improved Execution Authority and Transaction Integrity 5 Humble Beginnings, Steady Improvement 6 So This Is PL/SQL 7 Integration with SQL 7 Control and Conditional Logic 8 When Things Go Wrong 9 About PL/SQL Versions 11 Oracle Database 12c New PL/SQL Features 12 Resources for PL/SQL Developers 14 The O’Reilly PL/SQL Series 15 PL/SQL on the Internet 16 Some Words of Advice 17 Don’t Be in Such a Hurry! 17 Don’t Be Afraid to Ask for Help 18 Take a Creative, Even Radical Approach 19 2. Creating and Running PL/SQL Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Navigating the Database 21 Creating and Editing Source Code 22 SQL*Plus 23 v www.it-ebooks.info
- 13. Starting Up SQL*Plus 24 Running a SQL Statement 26 Running a PL/SQL Program 27 Running a Script 29 What Is the “Current Directory”? 30 Other SQL*Plus Tasks 31 Error Handling in SQL*Plus 36 Why You Will Love and Hate SQL*Plus 36 Performing Essential PL/SQL Tasks 37 Creating a Stored Program 37 Executing a Stored Program 41 Showing Stored Programs 41 Managing Grants and Synonyms for Stored Programs 42 Dropping a Stored Program 43 Hiding the Source Code of a Stored Program 44 Editing Environments for PL/SQL 44 Calling PL/SQL from Other Languages 45 C: Using Oracle’s Precompiler (Pro*C) 46 Java: Using JDBC 47 Perl: Using Perl DBI and DBD::Oracle 48 PHP: Using Oracle Extensions 49 PL/SQL Server Pages 51 And Where Else? 51 3. Language Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 PL/SQL Block Structure 53 Anonymous Blocks 55 Named Blocks 57 Nested Blocks 57 Scope 58 Qualify All References to Variables and Columns in SQL Statements 59 Visibility 62 The PL/SQL Character Set 65 Identifiers 67 Reserved Words 68 Whitespace and Keywords 70 Literals 70 NULLs 71 Embedding Single Quotes Inside a Literal String 72 Numeric Literals 73 Boolean Literals 74 The Semicolon Delimiter 74 vi | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 14. Comments 75 Single-Line Comment Syntax 75 Multiline Comment Syntax 76 The PRAGMA Keyword 76 Labels 77 Part II. PL/SQL Program Structure 4. Conditional and Sequential Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 IF Statements 83 The IF-THEN Combination 84 The IF-THEN-ELSE Combination 86 The IF-THEN-ELSIF Combination 87 Avoiding IF Syntax Gotchas 89 Nested IF Statements 90 Short-Circuit Evaluation 91 CASE Statements and Expressions 93 Simple CASE Statements 93 Searched CASE Statements 95 Nested CASE Statements 98 CASE Expressions 98 The GOTO Statement 100 The NULL Statement 101 Improving Program Readability 101 Using NULL After a Label 102 5. Iterative Processing with Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Loop Basics 105 Examples of Different Loops 106 Structure of PL/SQL Loops 107 The Simple Loop 108 Terminating a Simple Loop: EXIT and EXIT WHEN 109 Emulating a REPEAT UNTIL Loop 110 The Intentionally Infinite Loop 111 The WHILE Loop 112 The Numeric FOR Loop 114 Rules for Numeric FOR Loops 114 Examples of Numeric FOR Loops 115 Handling Nontrivial Increments 116 The Cursor FOR Loop 117 Example of Cursor FOR Loops 118 Table of Contents | vii www.it-ebooks.info
- 15. Loop Labels 119 The CONTINUE Statement 120 Tips for Iterative Processing 123 Use Understandable Names for Loop Indexes 123 The Proper Way to Say Goodbye 124 Obtaining Information About FOR Loop Execution 126 SQL Statement as Loop 126 6. Exception Handlers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Exception-Handling Concepts and Terminology 129 Defining Exceptions 132 Declaring Named Exceptions 132 Associating Exception Names with Error Codes 133 About Named System Exceptions 136 Scope of an Exception 139 Raising Exceptions 140 The RAISE Statement 140 Using RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR 141 Handling Exceptions 143 Built-in Error Functions 144 Combining Multiple Exceptions in a Single Handler 149 Unhandled Exceptions 149 Propagation of Unhandled Exceptions 150 Continuing Past Exceptions 153 Writing WHEN OTHERS Handling Code 155 Building an Effective Error Management Architecture 157 Decide on Your Error Management Strategy 158 Standardize Handling of Different Types of Exceptions 159 Organize Use of Application-Specific Error Codes 162 Use Standardized Error Management Programs 163 Work with Your Own Exception “Objects” 165 Create Standard Templates for Common Error Handling 167 Making the Most of PL/SQL Error Management 169 Part III. PL/SQL Program Data 7. Working with Program Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Naming Your Program Data 173 Overview of PL/SQL Datatypes 175 Character Data 176 Numbers 177 viii | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 16. Dates, Timestamps, and Intervals 178 Booleans 178 Binary Data 179 ROWIDs 179 REF CURSORs 179 Internet Datatypes 180 “Any” Datatypes 180 User-Defined Datatypes 181 Declaring Program Data 181 Declaring a Variable 181 Declaring Constants 182 The NOT NULL Clause 183 Anchored Declarations 183 Anchoring to Cursors and Tables 185 Benefits of Anchored Declarations 186 Anchoring to NOT NULL Datatypes 188 Programmer-Defined Subtypes 188 Conversion Between Datatypes 189 Implicit Data Conversion 189 Explicit Datatype Conversion 192 8. Strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 String Datatypes 199 The VARCHAR2 Datatype 200 The CHAR Datatype 201 String Subtypes 202 Working with Strings 203 Specifying String Constants 203 Using Nonprintable Characters 205 Concatenating Strings 206 Dealing with Case 207 Traditional Searching, Extracting, and Replacing 210 Padding 213 Trimming 215 Regular Expression Searching, Extracting, and Replacing 216 Working with Empty Strings 227 Mixing CHAR and VARCHAR2 Values 229 String Function Quick Reference 231 9. Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Numeric Datatypes 241 The NUMBER Type 242 Table of Contents | ix www.it-ebooks.info
- 17. The PLS_INTEGER Type 247 The BINARY_INTEGER Type 248 The SIMPLE_INTEGER Type 249 The BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE Types 251 The SIMPLE_FLOAT and SIMPLE_DOUBLE Types 256 Numeric Subtypes 256 Number Conversions 257 The TO_NUMBER Function 258 The TO_CHAR Function 261 The CAST Function 267 Implicit Conversions 268 Numeric Operators 270 Numeric Functions 271 Rounding and Truncation Functions 271 Trigonometric Functions 272 Numeric Function Quick Reference 272 10. Dates and Timestamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Datetime Datatypes 278 Declaring Datetime Variables 280 Choosing a Datetime Datatype 281 Getting the Current Date and Time 282 Interval Datatypes 284 Declaring INTERVAL Variables 286 When to Use INTERVALs 287 Datetime Conversions 289 From Strings to Datetimes 289 From Datetimes to Strings 292 Working with Time Zones 295 Requiring a Format Mask to Match Exactly 298 Easing Up on Exact Matches 299 Interpreting Two-Digit Years in a Sliding Window 299 Converting Time Zones to Character Strings 301 Padding Output with Fill Mode 302 Date and Timestamp Literals 302 Interval Conversions 304 Converting from Numbers to Intervals 304 Converting Strings to Intervals 305 Formatting Intervals for Display 306 Interval Literals 307 CAST and EXTRACT 308 The CAST Function 308 x | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 18. The EXTRACT Function 310 Datetime Arithmetic 311 Date Arithmetic with Intervals and Datetimes 311 Date Arithmetic with DATE Datatypes 312 Computing the Interval Between Two Datetimes 313 Mixing DATEs and TIMESTAMPs 316 Adding and Subtracting Intervals 317 Multiplying and Dividing Intervals 317 Using Unconstrained INTERVAL Types 318 Date/Time Function Quick Reference 319 11. Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Records in PL/SQL 323 Benefits of Using Records 324 Declaring Records 326 Programmer-Defined Records 327 Working with Records 330 Comparing Records 337 Trigger Pseudorecords 338 12. Collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Collections Overview 342 Collections Concepts and Terminology 343 Types of Collections 345 Collection Examples 345 Where You Can Use Collections 349 Choosing a Collection Type 354 Collection Methods (Built-ins) 356 The COUNT Method 357 The DELETE Method 358 The EXISTS Method 359 The EXTEND Method 360 The FIRST and LAST Methods 361 The LIMIT Method 362 The PRIOR and NEXT Methods 362 The TRIM Method 363 Working with Collections 365 Declaring Collection Types 365 Declaring and Initializing Collection Variables 369 Populating Collections with Data 374 Accessing Data Inside a Collection 379 Using String-Indexed Collections 380 Table of Contents | xi www.it-ebooks.info
- 19. Collections of Complex Datatypes 385 Multilevel Collections 389 Working with Collections in SQL 398 Nested Table Multiset Operations 406 Testing Equality and Membership of Nested Tables 408 Checking for Membership of an Element in a Nested Table 409 Performing High-Level Set Operations 409 Handling Duplicates in a Nested Table 411 Maintaining Schema-Level Collections 412 Necessary Privileges 412 Collections and the Data Dictionary 413 13. Miscellaneous Datatypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 The BOOLEAN Datatype 415 The RAW Datatype 417 The UROWID and ROWID Datatypes 417 Getting ROWIDs 418 Using ROWIDs 419 The LOB Datatypes 420 Working with LOBs 422 Understanding LOB Locators 423 Empty Versus NULL LOBs 425 Writing into a LOB 427 Reading from a LOB 430 BFILEs Are Different 431 SecureFiles Versus BasicFiles 436 Temporary LOBs 439 Native LOB Operations 442 LOB Conversion Functions 447 Predefined Object Types 447 The XMLType Type 448 The URI Types 451 The Any Types 453 Part IV. SQL in PL/SQL 14. DML and Transaction Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 DML in PL/SQL 462 A Quick Introduction to DML 462 Cursor Attributes for DML Operations 466 RETURNING Information from DML Statements 467 xii | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 20. DML and Exception Handling 468 DML and Records 470 Transaction Management 473 The COMMIT Statement 474 The ROLLBACK Statement 474 The SAVEPOINT Statement 475 The SET TRANSACTION Statement 476 The LOCK TABLE Statement 476 Autonomous Transactions 477 Defining Autonomous Transactions 478 Rules and Restrictions on Autonomous Transactions 479 Transaction Visibility 480 When to Use Autonomous Transactions 481 Building an Autonomous Logging Mechanism 482 15. Data Retrieval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Cursor Basics 486 Some Data Retrieval Terms 487 Typical Query Operations 488 Introduction to Cursor Attributes 489 Referencing PL/SQL Variables in a Cursor 492 Choosing Between Explicit and Implicit Cursors 493 Working with Implicit Cursors 494 Implicit Cursor Examples 495 Error Handling with Implicit Cursors 496 Implicit SQL Cursor Attributes 498 Working with Explicit Cursors 500 Declaring Explicit Cursors 501 Opening Explicit Cursors 504 Fetching from Explicit Cursors 505 Column Aliases in Explicit Cursors 507 Closing Explicit Cursors 508 Explicit Cursor Attributes 510 Cursor Parameters 512 SELECT...FOR UPDATE 515 Releasing Locks with COMMIT 516 The WHERE CURRENT OF Clause 518 Cursor Variables and REF CURSORs 519 Why Use Cursor Variables? 520 Similarities to Static Cursors 521 Declaring REF CURSOR Types 521 Declaring Cursor Variables 522 Table of Contents | xiii www.it-ebooks.info
- 21. Opening Cursor Variables 523 Fetching from Cursor Variables 524 Rules for Cursor Variables 527 Passing Cursor Variables as Arguments 530 Cursor Variable Restrictions 532 Cursor Expressions 533 Using Cursor Expressions 534 Restrictions on Cursor Expressions 536 16. Dynamic SQL and Dynamic PL/SQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 NDS Statements 538 The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement 538 The OPEN FOR Statement 543 About the Four Dynamic SQL Methods 548 Binding Variables 550 Argument Modes 551 Duplicate Placeholders 553 Passing NULL Values 554 Working with Objects and Collections 555 Dynamic PL/SQL 557 Build Dynamic PL/SQL Blocks 558 Replace Repetitive Code with Dynamic Blocks 560 Recommendations for NDS 561 Use Invoker Rights for Shared Programs 561 Anticipate and Handle Dynamic Errors 562 Use Binding Rather than Concatenation 564 Minimize the Dangers of Code Injection 566 When to Use DBMS_SQL 569 Obtain Information About Query Columns 569 Meeting Method 4 Dynamic SQL Requirements 571 Minimizing Parsing of Dynamic Cursors 578 Oracle Database 11g New Dynamic SQL Features 579 Enhanced Security for DBMS_SQL 584 Part V. PL/SQL Application Construction 17. Procedures, Functions, and Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Modular Code 592 Procedures 593 Calling a Procedure 596 The Procedure Header 596 xiv | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 22. The Procedure Body 596 The END Label 597 The RETURN Statement 597 Functions 597 Structure of a Function 598 The RETURN Datatype 601 The END Label 602 Calling a Function 603 Functions Without Parameters 604 The Function Header 604 The Function Body 605 The RETURN Statement 605 Parameters 607 Defining Parameters 608 Actual and Formal Parameters 608 Parameter Modes 609 Explicit Association of Actual and Formal Parameters in PL/SQL 613 The NOCOPY Parameter Mode Qualifier 617 Default Values 618 Local or Nested Modules 619 Benefits of Local Modularization 620 Scope of Local Modules 623 Sprucing Up Your Code with Nested Subprograms 623 Subprogram Overloading 624 Benefits of Overloading 625 Restrictions on Overloading 628 Overloading with Numeric Types 629 Forward Declarations 630 Advanced Topics 631 Calling Your Function from Inside SQL 631 Table Functions 637 Deterministic Functions 647 Implicit Cursor Results (Oracle Database 12c) 649 Go Forth and Modularize! 650 18. Packages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Why Packages? 651 Demonstrating the Power of the Package 652 Some Package-Related Concepts 655 Diagramming Privacy 657 Rules for Building Packages 658 The Package Specification 658 Table of Contents | xv www.it-ebooks.info
- 23. The Package Body 660 Initializing Packages 662 Rules for Calling Packaged Elements 666 Working with Package Data 667 Global Within a Single Oracle Session 668 Global Public Data 669 Packaged Cursors 669 Serializable Packages 674 When to Use Packages 677 Encapsulate Data Access 677 Avoid Hardcoding Literals 680 Improve Usability of Built-in Features 683 Group Together Logically Related Functionality 683 Cache Static Session Data 684 Packages and Object Types 685 19. Triggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 DML Triggers 688 DML Trigger Concepts 689 Creating a DML Trigger 691 DML Trigger Example: No Cheating Allowed! 696 Multiple Triggers of the Same Type 702 Who Follows Whom 703 Mutating Table Errors 705 Compound Triggers: Putting It All in One Place 706 DDL Triggers 710 Creating a DDL Trigger 710 Available Events 713 Available Attributes 713 Working with Events and Attributes 715 Dropping the Undroppable 718 The INSTEAD OF CREATE Trigger 719 Database Event Triggers 720 Creating a Database Event Trigger 721 The STARTUP Trigger 722 The SHUTDOWN Trigger 723 The LOGON Trigger 723 The LOGOFF Trigger 723 The SERVERERROR Trigger 724 INSTEAD OF Triggers 728 Creating an INSTEAD OF Trigger 728 The INSTEAD OF INSERT Trigger 730 xvi | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 24. The INSTEAD OF UPDATE Trigger 732 The INSTEAD OF DELETE Trigger 733 Populating the Tables 733 INSTEAD OF Triggers on Nested Tables 734 AFTER SUSPEND Triggers 736 Setting Up for the AFTER SUSPEND Trigger 736 Looking at the Actual Trigger 738 The ORA_SPACE_ERROR_INFO Function 739 The DBMS_RESUMABLE Package 740 Trapped Multiple Times 742 To Fix or Not to Fix? 743 Maintaining Triggers 743 Disabling, Enabling, and Dropping Triggers 743 Creating Disabled Triggers 744 Viewing Triggers 745 Checking the Validity of Triggers 746 20. Managing PL/SQL Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Managing Code in the Database 750 Overview of Data Dictionary Views 751 Display Information About Stored Objects 753 Display and Search Source Code 753 Use Program Size to Determine Pinning Requirements 755 Obtain Properties of Stored Code 756 Analyze and Modify Trigger State Through Views 757 Analyze Argument Information 758 Analyze Identifier Usage (Oracle Database 11g’s PL/Scope) 759 Managing Dependencies and Recompiling Code 762 Analyzing Dependencies with Data Dictionary Views 763 Fine-Grained Dependency (Oracle Database 11g) 767 Remote Dependencies 769 Limitations of Oracle’s Remote Invocation Model 772 Recompiling Invalid Program Units 773 Compile-Time Warnings 777 A Quick Example 777 Enabling Compile-Time Warnings 778 Some Handy Warnings 780 Testing PL/SQL Programs 788 Typical, Tawdry Testing Techniques 789 General Advice for Testing PL/SQL Code 793 Automated Testing Options for PL/SQL 794 Tracing PL/SQL Execution 795 Table of Contents | xvii www.it-ebooks.info
- 25. DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_CALL_STACK 796 UTL_CALL_STACK (Oracle Database 12c) 798 DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO 801 Tracing with opp_trace 803 The DBMS_TRACE Facility 804 Debugging PL/SQL Programs 808 The Wrong Way to Debug 809 Debugging Tips and Strategies 811 Using Whitelisting to Control Access to Program Units 816 Protecting Stored Code 818 Restrictions on and Limitations of Wrapping 818 Using the Wrap Executable 819 Dynamic Wrapping with DBMS_DDL 819 Guidelines for Working with Wrapped Code 821 Introduction to Edition-Based Redefinition (Oracle Database 11g Release 2) 821 21. Optimizing PL/SQL Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Tools to Assist in Optimization 827 Analyzing Memory Usage 827 Identifying Bottlenecks in PL/SQL Code 827 Calculating Elapsed Time 833 Choosing the Fastest Program 834 Avoiding Infinite Loops 836 Performance-Related Warnings 837 The Optimizing Compiler 838 Insights on How the Optimizer Works 840 Runtime Optimization of Fetch Loops 843 Data Caching Techniques 844 Package-Based Caching 845 Deterministic Function Caching 850 THe Function Result Cache (Oracle Database 11g) 852 Caching Summary 868 Bulk Processing for Repeated SQL Statement Execution 869 High-Speed Querying with BULK COLLECT 870 High-Speed DML with FORALL 877 Improving Performance with Pipelined Table Functions 888 Replacing Row-Based Inserts with Pipelined Function-Based Loads 889 Tuning Merge Operations with Pipelined Functions 896 Asynchronous Data Unloading with Parallel Pipelined Functions 898 Performance Implications of Partitioning and Streaming Clauses in Parallel Pipelined Functions 902 Pipelined Functions and the Cost-Based Optimizer 903 xviii | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info
- 26. Other documents randomly have different content
- 27. "What's that? un compliment?" "No, I am not joking. Do you know, I love these rocks, this wild, picturesque spot, where every pathway, every stone awakens in me so many feelings and thoughts that have nothing in common with my dull, grey, everyday life.... And whenever I was here before, I always thought how beautiful it would be to come with some charming, poetical creature—in fact, to come as I have come to-day. And when I go home I shall say, 'Now let thy servant depart in peace!'" ... The idea passed through Mimotchka's head: "Is he going to allow himself to?" ... But no, he had already begun talking again about the horses. Then they were both silent. They had to get down below by a steep, narrow path. Osman rode on in front, to show the way. It had got dark. The moon had not yet made her appearance. "This doesn't look much like a moonlight night. You said there would be a moon." "Wait a little, only wait. There will be a moon." "But we shan't see anything down there." Mimotchka began to get alarmed at the darkness. "Why shan't we see anything? Don't you see the rocks? How beautiful that pass is! And the moon will come out directly." "Yes, but while we are waiting for the moon it will get late, and when shall we get back?" "Late? What does it matter if it is late? It will be as light as day for us to ride back when the moon is up. You are not going anywhere this evening, are you?" "No, I am not going anywhere, but mamma will be uneasy." "She won't be uneasy, because she knows you are with me. And why think of going back when it is so beautiful here? But women never do understand how to enjoy the present moment. I pity them! Then
- 28. you don't care for it here? I thought you were more sensitive to the beauties of nature.... Look at these rocks, at that sky, at those stars.... Do you remember those lines of Musset— 'J'aime! voilà le mot que la nature entière Crie au vent qui l'emporte, à l'oiseau qui le suit! Sombre et dernier soupir que poussera la terre Quand elle tombera dans l'éternelle nuit; Oh! vous le murmurez dans vos sphères sacrées, Etoiles du matin, ce mot triste et charmant! La plus faible de vous, quand Dieu vous a crées, A voulu traverser les plaines éthérées, Pour chercher le soleil, son immortel amant. Elle s'est élancée au sein des nuits profondes. Mais une autre l'aimait elle-meme; et les mondes Se sont mis en voyage autour du firmament.' How beautiful they are, aren't they? I am sorry I can't see your face. I should like to know if you look as you always do." "And how do I always look?" "Cold, severe.... Like a general's wife." "A general's wife? Naturally, I look what I am." "Don't calumniate yourself. You are a woman. You should look like a woman, such a woman as stood there on the top of those rocks, wavering between sacrifice and treachery." "But I don't in the least wish to resemble her." "Why?" "Because she behaved odiously." "Perfidiously, yes, but she acted like a woman, a weak, false woman. And that is what pleases me. I like weakness in women. I don't care about strong-minded women-heroines. Let those who will sing their praises, I shall never be among their admirers. Strength of mind is as little suited to a woman as physical strength. A woman should be
- 29. all weakness, all love, all tenderness. Let her weakness make her false. What does it matter as long as she is charming!... But you, how would you have acted in her place? Imagine that you are in love with someone—well, say, for instance, with me. I hope that such a supposition made in joke won't offend you. Imagine, then, that you are in love with me, here, now, as you are, in your present position." "In my present position?... I think that if I were in love with you, I should endeavour that you should never find it out." "And why so?" "Because I am married, I am not free." "La belle raison!" "Comment, ce n'est pas une raison?... What would you say if your wife.." At the mention of Spiridon Ivanovitch, Valerian Nicolaevitch had frowned; at the mention of his wife a bored, weary expression overspread his countenance. Mimotchka knew the expression well, and she always rejoiced at it. Although she had heard from the baroness that his wife was a charming woman, still it was more agreeable to her to think that she was dull, unsuited to him, and as little wanted as Spiridon Ivanovitch himself. If he were happy with her, he would not come away from her, and would not have such a pale, weary looking face and sunken cheeks, would he?... No; he was probably unhappy and suffering, and only did not complain because he was too proud. Poor dear!... Meanwhile they had got down to the pass, and Valerian Nicolaevitch proposed to Mimotchka to dismount and walk to a place from where he considered the view of the rocks to be even finer. Osman led away the horses, and they made their way over the stones by the side of a murmuring mountain stream. A high, perpendicular rock rose behind them like a menacing wall. It seemed to Mimotchka as if she were descending into the bowels of the earth, or as if she were at the bottom of a deep well. The steppe across which they had galloped was so high above her head, and the sky, on which the
- 30. long-expected moon had at last appeared, illuminating the rocks and their picturesque verdure, seemed so far off. "Well, how do you like it?" ... "C'est féerique," murmured Mimotchka "c'est féerique!" And what stillness, what utter stillness! No; decidedly she is somewhere not on the earth. And for an instant, for the last time, the disquieting thought came into Mimotchka's head. Had she done right to come here? He had asked her to come, but perhaps he would have had a better opinion of her if she had not come. But, no; what nonsense! What harm is there? Everybody comes here to admire nature, and she has also come to admire nature. It's no use to come to the Caucasus and not visit its picturesque parts. Otherwise afterwards, when she looks at photographs, she will find that she has not seen anything. Why doesn't Vava ride on horseback? She might have come with them. And what harm is there in her having come here alone with him? If she were to have gone with him to some restaurant now, that would have been dreadful! (But of course she would never have gone with him.) And they have only come here to admire nature. Yes, and besides, after all, they have the Tartar groom with them. Somewhere in the distance she can hear a horse neighing; those are their horses and Osman. And, having quieted her conscience by such reflections, Mimotchka repeated, "C'est féerique!" ... And she sincerely admired the picturesque rocks, and Valerian Nicolaevitch sincerely admired her. "You are not tired?" asked he, spreading out his cloak upon the ground. "Sit down; I am sorry that I have already told you the legend about the poor youth who was killed here. I ought to have told you it now, here, in view of the rocks.... Well, I must tell you something else." Decidedly Mimotchka was no longer on earth. It was impossible that that could be the same moon that shone on Spiridon Ivanovitch and baby. That was somewhere far away, but this was quite a different moon so benignly protecting them. And what a soft, languorous,
- 31. magic light she sheds over that little corner where they are alone together and so far from the crowds of people, from the noise and the world.... How quiet it is, how quiet!... What moments of full, perfect, unalloyed happiness! If one could only fall asleep here, die, and never awake again, never come back to life. And he was with her, near her, and gazing at her as her humble, faithful slave, as her devoted friend. And for the first time in her life Mimotchka no longer thought if she was looking pretty or not, nor how she was dressed, nor what her aunts would say of her. She felt somehow strange, as if she were neither asleep nor awake. She had never experienced anything like it before. And her breathing was oppressed. For some moments she was afraid she was going to faint. A stone fell and they both started. He drew still nearer to her. Were you frightened? Is that really him? Yes; those are his eyes shining. How pale he is! And how pale the moon is! What is it all—a dream or a reality? And Mimotchka, wishing to break through this fearful, oppressive silence and to get the better of the numbness overpowering her, repeated again, "C'est féerique, c'est féerique!" And really there was something fairy-like, something extraordinary about the evening. And the most extraordinary thing of all was that Valerian Nicolaevitch took Mimotchka into his arms and kissed her— kissed her eyes, her lips, and her hair. How did it happen? How could he allow himself to, and how could she permit it?... Oh, "Castle of Love and Treachery!" Then he told her, in a caressing whisper, that it must have happened. Well, of course, once it had happened, probably it must have happened. But anyhow they must go home now quick, quick!... And when he put her into the saddle, he said to her, "My darling! My beautiful darling!" ... And she, helplessly putting her hair straight, said, "Il fait tard, il fait tard!" But she looked more radiantly beautiful than Spiridon Ivanovitch had ever seen her look, in spite of the fact of his commanding a division and having a whole division under his supervision.
- 32. They must ride back fast, very fast; but Mimotchka had somehow lost her riding-whip on the mountain. Osman and Valerian Nicolaevitch ran back to find it. They found the whip, and all three set off furiously across the steppe, now flooded by the moonlight. The lights of Kislovodsk were shining when they rode up the long alley of poplars. From the chief hotel came the sounds of a waltz. Mamma was looking out for her daughter, sitting at the open window and getting uneasy. "Here you are at last!" said she. "I was getting afraid that something had happened to you, that you had been attacked.... Well, what? Are you tired?" ... "Yes; we hurried back so." "Come in, Valerian Nicolaevitch, come in and have some tea." Valerian Nicolaevitch thanked her, but refused. He had promised to go to a party somewhere. And when he had helped Mimotchka down from the saddle, he came to the gate with her, and whispered to her, "À demain!" and, with a look and a pressure of the hand, thanked her for going with him. When she came in, Mimotchka refused tea and all refreshment, but went straight into her own room and hurriedly began undressing. She did not want to see anyone; and having put out the candle, she laid her radiant face on the pillow. How had it happened? She had no feeling either of repentance or of shame. She only felt happy and peaceful. This—fall, this—terrible step; it was a stain that could not be effaced; it was—a sin, she thought to herself; but how easy it had been to commit it! Maintenant c'est fini, elle est une femme perdue! And her husband?... But she mustn't think about it—no, she must not; better think about him: Val! Val!... And Mimotchka went off to sleep soundly and tranquilly, as only happy people with a pure and easy conscience sleep. In the morning they met under the verandah of the Kursaal. There was only a month left before they returned to Petersburg, and how much there was to talk over, how much for them to say to each
- 33. other. They had to tell each other how they had fallen in love at sight, at their very first meeting, even then, at Rostoff.... Un coup de foudre!... How afterwards they had remembered each other, looked out for each other, and been jealous of each other, until they met again and became acquainted.... And how everything had happened as it must have done. They had to tell each other that they had always waited for each other, that they had foreseen this, and now were bound to each other for all eternity. Oui, c'est pour la vie, c'est pour la vie!... And principally they had to arrange about the time and place of their meetings. He lived alone, and by taking proper precautions Mimotchka might come to his rooms. This would be the most convenient way. He would not have proposed it to her if there had been any risk, for Mimotchka's honour and good name were above all things dear to him. And Mimotchka, having reconnoitred and assured herself that "Maman ne se doute de rien," and that she and Princess X—— and all their circle were completely taken with the hussar Anutin and his intended bride, was tranquillised, and, taking all due precautions, came to his rooms. How she enjoyed being there! Everything that surrounded him and that he used bore the stamp of his exquisite taste. Mimotchka turned over his letter-case, his albums, and looked at the portraits of his wife and children.... His wife was a great deal too handsome, and excited her jealousy, but Valerian Nicolaevitch pacified her: "Handsome?... Yes; she is handsome, but that is not sufficient. Une femme doit plaire. That is the chief thing." His wife was not suited to him. A cold, lifeless beauty; a soulless creature, a blue-stocking, a second Lady Byron.... She was a mother, only a mother, not a woman to love. She lived for the children, and expected him to do the same. It was absurd. The children would live and enjoy life themselves some day. And meanwhile he wishes to enjoy his life. Another life will not be granted to him. He must live, live.... And he kissed Mimotchka, kissed her eyes, and said, "Let me drink of this sea!"
- 34. Mimotchka was not aware before that there was a sea in her eyes. Having got over her jealousy, Mimotchka hid the photograph of his wife further on in the book, so that it should not meet her eyes, and went on turning over his things. Valerian Nicolaevitch had forty neckties and forty pairs of socks, and for each necktie there were socks to match. And what a lot of breloques, pins, and rings besides, which he varied, also selecting them to match the neckties. In general, he was rather a dandy, but Mimotchka liked it. She looked over and arranged the forty neckties in a rosewood box, separating one necktie from the other with a sachet of his favourite perfume, "Cherry-blossom." And she told him which neckties she liked, and which she didn't like, and which he was to wear the next day. And one necktie she called the necktie of "Love and Treachery." That was her favourite. Occasionally, chiefly on the days she received letters from Spiridon Ivanovitch, Mimotchka had a fit of the "blue devils," as she called it, and she reproached herself for her guilt towards her husband. "Je suis une femme perdue," she said. "Anyhow, I have wronged him, injured him.... And he has in nowise deserved it. And what will happen if he gets to know? He will kill me or turn me out of the house ... Enfin je suis une femme perdue. And you yourself must despise me. Yes, you despise me, Val; I see you do." ... "What a child you are!" And he tried to convince her that there was nothing to despise her for. "On vit comme on peut. Look at the people we know; look at Marie Petrovna; look at Marie Lvovna!" ... Mimotchka reflected and remembered. Certainly, there was both Marie Petrovna and Marie Lvovna. And Nettie, above all! But then, on the other hand, there was Anna Vassilievna, and Aunt Julia, and mamma. No, there were still some honest, good women, not like her. Otherwise, why such harsh, pitiless judgments, why so much hypocrisy in the world?... Valerian Nicolaevitch explained it all to her. "Don't you see, people suffer and bear too much because they don't seize the moments of happiness that fall to their share."
- 35. "Oh yes, people do suffer." And she told him all about Spiridon Ivanovitch, and how dull it was for her with him. She was rather afraid that Val would despise her for having an old husband—he had so thundered against mercenary love. But no, it did not disturb him at all. In general, since the ride to the "Castle of Love and Treachery," his feelings towards Spiridon Ivanovitch had quite changed. He did not even frown when Mimotchka mentioned his name, but, on the contrary, he endeavoured to instil into her that with such a husband she could lead a very pleasant, easy life. Only she must be wise. And he proceeded to give her some advice. In the winter he would come to Petersburg. His wife would remain at Kieff with the children, and they would spend a beautiful winter together. Only there must be no imprudences. He praised Mimotchka because while she was here she had behaved so rightly, so quietly, and so naturally. Neither her mamma, who loved her so tenderly, nor that sharp girl, Vava, had noticed anything whatever. That was as it should be: yes, just as it should be. They loved one another, and they must set up a wall between themselves and the world. Their secret was the wall behind which they could love each other boldly and fully. They must hide their happiness like a treasure, like something precious. "L'amourette que l'on ébruite Est un rosier déraciné." Let people try and guess if they chose to, let them suspect what they liked, but don't let them know anything. Mimotchka told him how she came to marry, how everybody had persuaded her to, and how she could never have made up her mind to it by herself. Valerian Nicolaevitch did not understand why. It was wise, and she had acted very rightly. Money was not the last thing in life; if it was not happiness, at any rate it was the key to happiness. Only, these last four years she had not understood how to arrange
- 36. her life. She herself had made it dull. Everything depends on ourselves. But up till now she had not cared for anyone. She had never loved before, and if she had not met him, Val, here, she would never have known the happiness of love. But now, c'est pour la vie, n'est-ce- pas? "Oui, c'est pour la vie!" He himself seemed to be deeply unhappy in his family life. His wife was a cold, hard pedant, who was incapable of responding to the transports of his ardent soul. She was une femelle; yes, that was the word. Why had he married her?... It was a long story. Some day he would tell it to Mimotchka, afterwards, but meanwhile ... "Let me drink of this sea!" ... And he kissed her eyes. For the first two weeks he told Mimotchka that he should certainly come to Petersburg, and they talked about the delightful evenings they would spend together at theatres and concerts. They would meet every day. But as the time of separation drew near these plans somewhat changed. He received a business letter from Kieff. It appeared he would hardly be able to get away to Petersburg. An affair was impending, an important, complicated lawsuit, with the particulars of which he made Mimotchka acquainted. He was to defend a celebrated thief, a regular scoundrel. "But why defend a scoundrel?" asked Mimotchka; "then you don't think him guilty?" "I am convinced of his guilt!" "And you would defend him quand meme?" "Every man has a right to a defence. It's easy enough to acquit an innocent man. His innocence itself speaks for him. But to pardon a guilty man, to turn to him indulgently and mercifully, as a Christian should turn to his brother, whoever he is, much intelligence and much knowledge of the human heart is required. Christ did not
- 37. judge, Christ justified all, and for this very reason, and to awaken in the juries' hearts that divine spark which exists in everyone of us ..." "But surely they won't acquit him?" "Perhaps they will." "What, a good-for-nothing fellow like that! I would transport him with hard labour. And because of him we shan't see each other any more. How I hate him! And yet you are going to defend him." ... And Mimotchka began to cry. "What a child you are!" said Valerian Nicolaevitch, and kissed her eyes. "Then we shan't see each other any more?" "What can we do?... Fate is jealous." ... And when, three days before their departure, Mimotchka cried bitterly on his shoulder, he stroked her hair and said rather absently: "What can we do? We must submit. We were happy.... Fate is jealous.... Voyons, du courage.... We must look the inevitable in the face.... Let us be thankful to Providence for these bright moments. You are still so young.... "You will know new feelings And choose new friends.'" "Jamais, jamais.... How can you talk like that! Don't you care if I get to love someone else? Tu ne m'as jamais aimée!... Oh, Val, Val!" "Enfant! voyons, ne pleurez donc pas.... What does it matter? I have had the spring flowers, someone else will have the fruits.... Don't look so terrified!... Je connais la vie, voilà tout!... You're not angry with me?... No!... Let me kiss your eyes! How I love kissing them I ... Fate willed it otherwise.... We have gathered the flowers." And then came a verse from Heine and a verse from Fett. "I shall not forget you; no, never, and do you remember too, 'Rappelle-toi, lorsque l'aurore craintive.'" ...
- 38. But Mimotchka only went on crying quietly and silently, shaking her head and kissing his hands, while her copious tears dropped like hail on the necktie of "Love and Treachery." Then they exchanged turquoise rings. Mimotchka had her photograph done for him in her riding-habit, on the same horse on which she had ridden to the "Castle of Love and Treachery," and he had his done for her in his Tcherkesk costume. They had very much wished to visit the "Castle" again, but somehow something always hindered their doing so.... Meanwhile mamma was already packing up and scolding Katia, who seemed bereft of her senses, forgetting orders, letting things drop out of her hands, and packing heavy garments on the top of light ones. Vava tied up the copybooks containing her impressions of her travels and her projects of a home for destitute children, and wrote down the addresses of her Caucasian friends. And Katia, on her knees before the open trunk, spread tissue paper over Mimotchka's plush jacket, and from time to time big tears dropped on the jacket and on the linen laid over it. Oh, those Caucasian turquoises!... Early in the morning a travelling carriage stood at the door of Baranoffsky's apartments. Vava shook hands warmly with her friends, who had come to say good-bye to her. She had very much improved during the summer, had got sunburnt, stouter, and stronger. She had spent a lovely summer here, and how sorry she was to part from those blue mountains, from those walks and little paths in the wood, and from her good friends! Ah, how sorry, how sorry! And Vava, forgetting all about her mother's strictness and home regulations, and her previous unsuccessful attempts to introduce her friends, invited them all—yes, all—to come and see her —please—be sure to—as soon as any one of them came to
- 39. Petersburg! She would be so happy!... "Don't forget, No. 5 Millionnaia, apartment 2.... Please do be sure to come!" Mimotchka came out in a travelling hat, in a waterproof, with a travelling bag on her arm, and muffled up in a thick gauze veil. She was calm and composed. She had cried away all her tears the day before. Valerian Nicolaevitch was kind enough to offer to accompany them on horseback as far as Essentouki. He was in his Tcherkesk costume, leaning picturesquely on his saddle, and humming a song of Kapri's, "I remember the blissful meetings." ... Katia ran out with bandboxes in her hands, weeping and panting.... Mamma stared at her in amazement. Everything was put in, everything was in its place. The ladies took their seats and the carriage drove off from Kislovodsk. They said good-bye at Essentouki. Valerian Nicolaevitch kissed mamma's hand, and she expressed the hope that he would come and see them in Petersburg. Vava also invited him to come and see her. She was so sorry that everything Caucasian was leaving her. Mimotchka was silent, but gazed at him mournfully. And the carriage drove on further in the direction of the station. It was a grey, dull-looking morning, and a thick, fine rain beat against the windows when the ladies woke up as they neared Petersburg. Rain, rain, rain.... A melancholy grey sky.... The villas round Petersburg with their fir-tree plantations; the muddy, swampy roads with the ditches at the edge and the thickly-grown bracken pass before them ..., Moss, bilberry bushes, marsh and fog.... Here are the well-known market-gardens with the cabbages, and the barracks, and the platform of the Petersburg railway station; the rain has stopped and the sun is shining on the wet platform.
- 40. There is Spiridon Ivanovitch's orderly and there is Aunt Julia's footman. And here stands Spiridon Ivanovitch himself, resplendent, like a peony, in his crimson-lined overcoat.... Mamma joyfully taps on the window-pane to him. He has seen them, seen them and recognised them! Mimotchka's heart sinks. How old he looks, and what a stranger he seems to her, what a stranger!... She wishes the train would not stop, but would go on further and further and carry her away past.... But the train slackens speed, it stops. They must get out. Here's Mdme. Lambert with Zina, and, oh my goodness, here's baby with his nurse! He has come to meet his mamma! How he has grown, how he has improved, and how sunburnt he has got, dear little mite! And just look, he isn't a bit shy; he smiles, he says, "how- do-you-do" to them all, stretches out his lips to be kissed by his mother and grandmother and Vava.... And he salutes, yes, he has learnt how to make a military salute, putting up his little hand to his head and saying, "I wish you good health!" Oh, what a darling! And grandmamma smothers baby with kisses, and tears of pride and tenderness rise to her eyes, when baby, drawing himself up straight in front of her, says to her, "I wish you good health, your excellency!" And Spiridon Ivanovitch enfolds Mimotchka in his ample embrace. A week after their arrival they were all assembled at Aunt Julia's. She was in a state of great jubiliation. Her son Vova was engaged, and his fiancée was in every way most suitable. She was both wealthy and well connected.... The engagement was not yet formally announced, but the affair was quite settled. The fiancée was not pretty and she was no longer very young, but she was over head and ears in love with Vova. Aunt Julia liked her very much, and in speaking to her sisters of the young lady she said: "Elle n'est pas futile."
- 41. Aunt Julia thanked mamma very warmly for her care of Vava. Not to speak of Vava's having much improved physically, she had also morally changed, for the better; she was more self-controlled, gentler, and more obedient. And so she was given a separate room all to herself, where she could sleep, write, and study without Mdme. Lambert. "Well, so altogether you had a pleasant trip?" says Aunt Julia in conclusion. "Delightful, delightful. I am so glad Variashski sent us there." "But how much prettier Mimotchka has grown! Why, she is simply unrecognisable." "It's striking!" says Aunt Mary. "Next summer I shall go to Kislovodsk to get young and beautiful again." Mimotchka smiles modestly and composedly. "And that Netty!" says Aunt Sophy. "Haven't you heard what a scandal there was?" "No, what is it? Zina wrote something or other about it, but we could not make out what she meant." "She is separated from her husband, and has now disappeared from Petersburg and gone off to Paris, where she changes her lovers as often as her gloves. It's awful! She always did behave like a fool. Just before her husband had to go to sea her conscience began to get uneasy. If it had only kept quiet until he came back! No, she goes to confession and tells everything to the priest, this and that, and says she has committed a sin against her husband. The priest directly says: 'And does your husband know of it? 'No,' she says. 'Well then, don't tell him of it.' And he explained to her why she was to keep silence, that as she had sinned, she must suffer, but that he must not suffer for it." "They always say that," puts in Aunt Mary thoughtlessly, and meeting Aunt Julia's inquiring gaze, she adds, "I have heard of many such cases where the priests said that."
- 42. "Well she comes straight home from confession and says to her husband, 'I went to the priest and told him all about my sin.' 'What sin?' And there it was. What!... Scenes and explanations. He wants to shoot himself and she wants to shoot herself. He wants to kill her, to kill the other man, to kill himself. ... A la fin des fins he goes to sea, and she, after throwing all the children on the old Poltavsteffs' hands, goes off to her beloved and sets about getting a divorce. After two months the other man cannot stand her any longer and runs away from her. She takes poison, the doctors save her life, and then she goes off to Paris. She has been there now already three weeks, and there are very very ugly rumours about her." ... "Oh, how sorry I am far the old Poltavsteffs!" says mamma: "how dreadful it is for them!" "I said a long time ago that she was in a dangerous way," says Aunt Julia. Mimotchka nods her head affirmatively. "Well, à propos of love affairs," says Aunt Sophy, "is it true that in the Caucasus, at the springs, there is so much flirting going on?" "Ah, don't mention it!" answers mamma, smiling. "What things we saw and what things we heard! And Variashski, too, just imagine!" ... "And wasn't there anyone after Mimi? Est-ce qu'il y a eu quelqu'un pour te faire la cour?... Et personne ne t'a donné dans l'œil?" ... "Quelle idée, ma tante!... Why, there was no one there. At least, there were many sympathetic, agreeable people, but nobody of that sort." ... And Mimotchka, smiling her old Petersburg smile, shakes her head in denial. "And is nature really so beautiful there?" asks Aunt Julia; "Vava goes into ecstasies about the mountains."
- 43. "But they didn't see anything," said Spiridon Ivanovitch regretfully. "How was it you never went to Bermamout? Why, I wrote and told you to go. To be at Kislovodsk and not go to Bermamout! Oh, you!... you were among the real mountains and never went to see them." "But there was no one to go with," said Mimotchka, defending herself. "The X—— 's had left before our arrival, and somehow we three never managed it alone. I really did so try to go and see everything." "Yes, it must be very lovely there," says Aunt Mary, looking through the stereoscope at some views of the Caucasus that Vava had brought back. "How beautiful this is! What is it?" "This?" says Mimotchka, bending over Aunt Mary to look through the stereoscope. "This is the 'Castle of Love and Treachery.' They are rocks that look like a castle, and that is what they are called." "And is it really as beautiful? Did you go there?" "Yes, I went there on horseback.... It's very beautiful, especially by moon-light—c'est féerique."
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