Oracle sql functions
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Oracle has two types of functions: single row functions that return a value for each row processed, and group functions that return aggregate values after processing multiple rows. There are four types of single row functions: numeric functions for numbers, character functions for text, date functions for dates, and conversion functions to change data types. Functions are used to manipulate data and are often combined in expressions.
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Few of the conversion functions available in oracle are:
Function Name Return Value
TO_CHAR (x [,y])
Converts Numeric and Date values to a character string
value. It cannot be used for calculations since it is a string
value.
TO_DATE (x [,
date_format])
Converts a valid Numeric and Character values to a Date
value. Date is formatted to the format specified
by 'date_format'.
NVL (x, y)
If 'x' is NULL, replace it with 'y'. 'x' and 'y'must be of the
same datatype.
DECODE (a, b, c,
d, e,
default_value)
Checks the value of 'a', if a = b, then returns'c'. If a = d,
then returns 'e'. Else, returnsdefault_value.
The below table provides the examples for the above functions
Function
Name
Examples Return Value
TO_CHAR ()
TO_CHAR (3000, '$9999')
TO_CHAR (SYSDATE, 'Day, Month YYYY')
$3000
Monday, June 2008
TO_DATE () TO_DATE ('01-Jun-08') 01-Jun-08
NVL () NVL (null, 1) 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oraclesqlfunctions-130819123544-phpapp02/85/Oracle-sql-functions-5-320.jpg)
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C programming session 13Vivek Singh This document provides an overview of programming in C, with a focus on working with structures. It defines what structures are and how they are declared and defined in C. It discusses passing structures to functions, arrays of structures, and using structures in file handling. Several practice problems are provided throughout with solutions. The document would teach a learner about the basic concepts of structures in C programming, including defining, declaring, passing, and using structures in file input/output operations.
C programming session 11
C programming session 11Vivek Singh This document provides an overview of file input/output in C programming. It discusses opening, reading, writing, and closing files, as well as character, line, and formatted I/O with files. Random access in files is explained, along with the fseek() and rewind() functions for repositioning the file pointer. Practice problems are included to reinforce concepts like errors in file I/O code, matching functions to return values, and writing programs to copy, display, and format file contents.
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C programming session 10Vivek Singh This document provides practice problems for Chapters 4 and 5 of a Programming in C session. Chapter 4 problems involve modifying string programs to take user input and compare string length and equality. Chapter 5 problems involve modifying a data analysis program to display sales data in different formats (%s, %p, %i) based on user run commands, with help messages for invalid commands. Functions for the required calculations are stored in a separate func.c file.
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C programming session 04Vivek Singh This document outlines practice problems from chapters 1 and 2 of a programming in C course. Chapter 1 problems involve writing functions to display a character or string a specified number of times. Chapter 2 problems include using for loops to print patterns, calculating triangular numbers from user input, and determining if a number is even or odd. The overall objective is for students to practice concepts from the first two chapters.
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C programming session 02Vivek Singh This document provides an overview of operators, loops, and input/output functions in the C programming language. It begins by explaining different types of operators in C like relational, logical, unary, binary, ternary, and increment/decrement operators. Examples of using logical, unary, binary, and ternary operators are given. The document then discusses loops in C, specifically for loops. It provides examples of using loops to accept input until a certain condition is met. The key topics covered in 3 sentences or less are: types of operators in C, examples of using various operators, an overview of loops in C including for loops, and examples of using loops to accept input until a condition is met.
C programming session 01
C programming session 01Vivek Singh This document provides an overview of programming in C language. It discusses the benefits and features of C, data types in C including fundamental and derived types, functions and their structure, input-output functions, and control structures like conditional statements (if-else, switch-case) and loops (while, do-while). Examples are given for defining variables, writing functions, accepting user input, and using control structures. Practice problems are included to write functions demonstrating various C concepts.
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Sql query tuning or query optimizationVivek Singh This document provides tips for optimizing SQL queries to improve performance. Some key recommendations include:
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Sql query tips or query optimizationVivek Singh Here are some tips for optimizing SQL queries:
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[Please copy the link and paste it into any web browser to access the content.]
Video Link: https://youtu.be/kIEqwzhHJ54
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The Texas outbreak has slowed down, but sporadic cases continue to emerge in Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.
Elsewhere in the US, we continue to see signs of acceleration due to outbreaks outside the Southwest (North Dakota, Montana, and Colorado) and travel-related cases. Measles exposures due to travel are expected to pose a significant challenge throughout the summer.
The U.S. is on track to exceed its 30-year high for measles cases (1,274) within the next two weeks.
Here is the latest update:
CURRENT CASE COUNT: 919
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•New Mexico: 81 (83% of cases are from Lea County).
•Oklahoma: 20 (+2)
•Kansas: 74 (+5) (38.89% of the cases are from Gray County).
HOSPITALIZATIONS: 104
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• New Mexico: 7 – This accounts for 9.47% of all cases in New Mexico.
• Kansas: 3 – This accounts for 5.08% of all cases in the state of Kansas.
DEATHS: 3
•Texas: 2 – This is 0.27% of all cases in Texas.
•New Mexico: 1 – This is 1.23% of all cases in New Mexico.
US NATIONAL CASE COUNT: 1,197
INTERNATIONAL SPREAD
•Mexico: 2337 (+257), 5 fatalities
‒Chihuahua, Mexico: 2,179 (+239) cases, 4 fatalities, 7 currently hospitalized.
•Canada: 3,207 (+208), 1 fatality
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June 20th-22nd.
6/17/25: “My now Grads, You’re doing well. I applaud your efforts to continue. We all are shifting to new paradigm realities. Its rough, there’s good and bad days/weeks. However, Reiki with Yoga assistance, does work.”
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Our Monthly Class Roster is 7,141 for 6/21.
ALL students get privacy naturally. Thx Everyone.
As a Guest Student,
You are now upgraded to Grad Level.
See Uploads for “Student Checkins” & “S9”. Thx.
Happy Summer 25.
These are also timeless.
Thank you for attending our workshops.
If you are new, do welcome.
For visual/Video style learning see our practitioner student status.
This is listed under our new training program. Updates ongoing levels 1-3 this summer. We just started Session 1 for level 1.
These are optional programs. I also would like to redo our library ebooks about Hatha and Money Yoga. THe Money Yoga was very much energy healing without the Reiki Method. An updated ebook/course will be done this year. These Projects are for *all fans, followers, teams, and Readers. TY for being presenting.
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Oracle sql functions
- 1. 8/10/13 Oracle SQL Functions beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm 1/5 Oracle Built in Functions There are two types of functions in Oracle. 1)Single Row Functions: Single row or Scalar functions return a value for every row that is processed in a query. 2)Group Functions: These functions group the rows of data based on the values returned by the query. This is discussed in SQL GROUP Functions. The group functions are used to calculate aggregate values like total or average, which return just one total or one average value after processing a group of rows. There are four types of single row functions. They are: 1)Numeric Functions: These are functions that accept numeric input and return numeric values. 2)Character or Text Functions: These are functions that accept character input and can return both character and number values. 3)Date Functions: These are functions that take values that are of datatype DATE as input and return values of datatype DATE, except for the MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number. 4)Conversion Functions: These are functions that help us to convert a value in one form to another form. For Example: a null value into an actual value, or a value from one datatype to another datatype like NVL, TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE etc. You can combine more than one function together in an expression. This is known as nesting of functions. What is a DUAL Table in Oracle? This is a single row and single column dummy table provided by oracle. This is used to perform mathematical calculations without using a table. Select * from DUAL Output: DUMMY ------- X
- 2. 8/10/13 Oracle SQL Functions beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm 2/5 Select 777 * 888 from Dual Output: 777 * 888 --------- 689976 1) Numeric Functions: Numeric functions are used to perform operations on numbers. They accept numeric values as input and return numeric values as output. Few of the Numeric functions are: Function Name Return Value ABS (x) Absolute value of the number 'x' CEIL (x) Integer value that is Greater than or equal to the number 'x' FLOOR (x) Integer value that is Less than or equal to the number 'x' TRUNC (x, y) Truncates value of number 'x' up to 'y' decimal places ROUND (x, y) Rounded off value of the number 'x' up to the number 'y' decimal places The following examples explains the usage of the above numeric functions Function Name Examples Return Value ABS (x) ABS (1) ABS (-1) 1 -1 CEIL (x) CEIL (2.83) CEIL (2.49) CEIL (-1.6) 3 3 -1 FLOOR (x) FLOOR (2.83) FLOOR (2.49) FLOOR (-1.6) 2 2 -2 TRUNC (x, y) ROUND (125.456, 1) ROUND (125.456, 0) ROUND (124.456, -1) 125.4 125 120 ROUND (x, y) TRUNC (140.234, 2) TRUNC (-54, 1) TRUNC (5.7) TRUNC (142, -1) 140.23 54 5 140 These functions can be used on database columns. For Example: Let's consider the product table used in sql joins. We can use ROUND to round off the unit_price to the nearest integer, if any product has prices in fraction. SELECT ROUND (unit_price) FROM product;
- 3. 8/10/13 Oracle SQL Functions beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm 3/5 2) Character or Text Functions: Character or text functions are used to manipulate text strings. They accept strings or characters as input and can return both character and number values as output. Few of the character or text functions are as given below: Function Name Return Value LOWER (string_value) All the letters in 'string_value' is converted to lowercase. UPPER (string_value) All the letters in 'string_value' is converted to uppercase. INITCAP (string_value) All the letters in 'string_value' is converted to mixed case. LTRIM (string_value, trim_text) All occurrences of 'trim_text' is removed from the left of 'string_value'. RTRIM (string_value, trim_text) All occurrences of 'trim_text' is removed from the right of'string_value' . TRIM (trim_text FROM string_value) All occurrences of 'trim_text' from the left and right of 'string_value' ,'trim_text' can also be only one character long . SUBSTR (string_value, m, n) Returns 'n' number of characters from'string_value' starting from the 'm'position. LENGTH (string_value) Number of characters in 'string_value'in returned. LPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) Returns 'string_value' left-padded with'pad_value' . The length of the whole string will be of 'n' characters. RPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) Returns 'string_value' right-padded with 'pad_value' . The length of the whole string will be of 'n' characters. For Example, we can use the above UPPER() text function with the column value as follows. SELECT UPPER (product_name) FROM product; The following examples explains the usage of the above character or text functions Function Name Examples Return Value LOWER(string_value) LOWER('Good Morning') good morning UPPER(string_value) UPPER('Good Morning') GOOD MORNING INITCAP(string_value) INITCAP('GOOD MORNING') Good Morning LTRIM(string_value, trim_text) LTRIM ('Good Morning', 'Good) Morning RTRIM (string_value, trim_text) RTRIM ('Good Morning', ' Morning') Good
- 4. 8/10/13 Oracle SQL Functions beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm 4/5 TRIM (trim_text FROM string_value) TRIM ('o' FROM 'Good Morning') Gd Mrning SUBSTR (string_value, m, n) SUBSTR ('Good Morning', 6, 7) Morning LENGTH (string_value) LENGTH ('Good Morning') 12 LPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) LPAD ('Good', 6, '*') **Good RPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) RPAD ('Good', 6, '*') Good** 3) Date Functions: These are functions that take values that are of datatype DATE as input and return values of datatypes DATE, except for the MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number as output. Few date functions are as given below. Function Name Return Value ADD_MONTHS (date, n) Returns a date value after adding 'n'months to the date 'x'. MONTHS_BETWEEN (x1, x2) Returns the number of months between dates x1 and x2. ROUND (x, date_format) Returns the date 'x' rounded off to the nearest century, year, month, date, hour, minute, or second as specified by the 'date_format'. TRUNC (x, date_format) Returns the date 'x' lesser than or equal to the nearest century, year, month, date, hour, minute, or second as specified by the 'date_format'. NEXT_DAY (x, week_day) Returns the next date of the 'week_day'on or after the date 'x' occurs. LAST_DAY (x) It is used to determine the number of days remaining in a month from the date 'x' specified. SYSDATE Returns the systems current date and time. NEW_TIME (x, zone1, zone2) Returns the date and time in zone2 if date 'x' represents the time in zone1. The below table provides the examples for the above functions Function Name Examples Return Value ADD_MONTHS ( ) ADD_MONTHS ('16-Sep-81', 3) 16-Dec-81 MONTHS_BETWEEN( ) MONTHS_BETWEEN ('16-Sep-81', '16-Dec- 81') 3 NEXT_DAY( ) NEXT_DAY ('01-Jun-08', 'Wednesday') 04-JUN-08 LAST_DAY( ) LAST_DAY ('01-Jun-08') 30-Jun-08 NEW_TIME( ) NEW_TIME ('01-Jun-08', 'IST', 'EST') 31-May-08 4) Conversion Functions: These are functions that help us to convert a value in one form to another form. For Ex: a null value into an actual value, or a value from one datatype to another datatype like NVL, TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE.
- 5. 8/10/13 Oracle SQL Functions beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm 5/5 Few of the conversion functions available in oracle are: Function Name Return Value TO_CHAR (x [,y]) Converts Numeric and Date values to a character string value. It cannot be used for calculations since it is a string value. TO_DATE (x [, date_format]) Converts a valid Numeric and Character values to a Date value. Date is formatted to the format specified by 'date_format'. NVL (x, y) If 'x' is NULL, replace it with 'y'. 'x' and 'y'must be of the same datatype. DECODE (a, b, c, d, e, default_value) Checks the value of 'a', if a = b, then returns'c'. If a = d, then returns 'e'. Else, returnsdefault_value. The below table provides the examples for the above functions Function Name Examples Return Value TO_CHAR () TO_CHAR (3000, '$9999') TO_CHAR (SYSDATE, 'Day, Month YYYY') $3000 Monday, June 2008 TO_DATE () TO_DATE ('01-Jun-08') 01-Jun-08 NVL () NVL (null, 1) 1