Permanent Fault Location in Distribution System Using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) in Phase Domain

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018, pp. 2709~2720
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2709-2720  2709
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Permanent Fault Location in Distribution System Using Phasor
Measurement Units (PMU) in Phase Domain
Ali Khaleghi1
, Mahmoud Oukati Sadegh2
, Mahdi Ghazizadeh Ahsaee3
1
University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
2,3
University of Zabol, Iran
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 1, 2017
Revised Jan 11, 2018
Accepted July 27, 2018
This paper proposes a new method for locating high impedance fault in
distribution systems using phasor measurement units (PMUs) installed at
certain locations of the system. To implement this algorithm, at first a new
method is suggested for the placement of PMUs. Taking information from
the units, voltage and current of the entire distribution system are calculated.
Then, the two buses in which the fault has been occurred is determined, and
location and type of the fault are identified. The main characteristics of the
proposed method are: the use of distributed parameter line model in phase
domain, considering the presence of literals, and high precision in calculating
the high impedance fault location. The results obtained from simulations in
EMTP-RV and MATLAB software indicate high accuracy and independence
of the proposed method from the fault type, fault location and fault resistance
compared to previous methods, so that the maximum observed error was less
than 0.15%.
Keywords:
Distributed-parameter
line model
Fault location
Permanent fault
Phasor measurement units
Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Mahmoud Oukati Sadegh,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
Email: oukati@ece.usb.ac.ir
1. INTRODUCTION
Each distribution system has many literals, load taps, balanced and non-balanced loads, and
different types of conductors, which complicate the calculation of fault location in this system. Many studies
have been done to locate faults in distribution systems [1]-[5]. In [1], short line model and phase components
were used for locating. The sensitivity of this method to the fault resistance is high. In [2]-[4], the distributed
parameter line model and the main component of voltage and current are used. In These articles the presence
of literals has not been considered. In [5], the distributed parameter line model has been used for a single-
phase-to-ground fault, but the existence of literals and unbalanced performance of the network have not been
analysed.
Permanent high impedance faults in distribution networks are generally due to their low level of
voltage. The low voltage of the distribution network and high ground resistance cause low fault current in
this type of faults. Therefore, protections in the network, such as distance or overcurrent relays, will not be
able to identify them [6]. These types of faults generally occur in two ways, such that the conductor contacts
a high impedance object, such as branches of the tree, or the conductor is cut off on the ground [7]. To date,
most of the work in the distribution system has been limited to detecting high impedance faults, these include
the use of numerical fault analysis [8], neural network [9] and the presentation of a wavelet transform
algorithm [10]. Regarding the location of high impedance fault in the distribution system, one can refer to the
use of wavelet transform in [11]. Since it is impossible to ignore the capacitive effect of the line during the
fault in the distribution system, modeling this effect is very important for having high accuracy in obtaining
the fault location. In recent years with the development of telecommunication systems, phasor measurement

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 2709 - 2720
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units (PMU) have changed to one of the most important systems for Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and
Control (WAMPC) of power systems [12]-[14]. These equipment, using strong signal processing technology
and a global positioning system (GPS), enables to simultaneously calculate the voltage and current of the
branches on which the PMU is installed [15]. In [16] and [17], PMU placement in the distribution network is
proposed to estimate the network state, and furthermore, this technology is used in fault locating of power
systems [18]-[20].
In this paper, considering the importance of the capacitive effect of line, an algorithm is proposed to
improve the accuracy of impedance-based fault locating methods, using the distributed parameter line model
in phase domain, which, contrary to previous methods [1]-[6], has lower sensitivity to resistance, location
and type of the fault. In the proposed method, using phasor measurement units installed in the distribution
system, voltage and current of all parts of the distribution system is calculated. Then, two buses where the
fault occurred in the line between them is determined and with the other calculations, the fault location is
computed. The proposed method is evaluated on 25 kV network (Saskpower) in Canada [21] in the presence
of literals and static loads. The results showed high accuracy of the algorithm.
In the remaining of the paper, the second part describes the proposed method for calculating the
fault location and determining the type of fault in the line in which the error occurred. The third section
describes the PMUs placement and how to apply the proposed method to the distribution networks. In the
fourth section, the simulations and the results for the evaluation of the proposed method have been
investigated and, finally, a conclusion has been made.
2. PROPOSED METHOD
2.1. Fault classification
In this section, considering the distributed parameter line model in the phase-domain and using
impedance-based method, the article sets to calculate the fault location, type (phase-to-phase and phase-to-
ground) and resistance. One section with ∆x length of the line can be shown in Figure 1. According to Figure
1, the Equation 1 can be written as follows:
𝑽
𝒙
= 𝑧𝐼
𝑰
𝒙
= 𝑦𝑉
(1)
where: ΔV: Voltage drop on series impedance of elemental length of the line
ΔI: Capacitance current of elemental length of the line
z: series impedance matrix of the line per km
y: shunt admittance matrix of the line per km
Figure 1. Elemental section of line with length of Δx
The differentiation of Equation 1 with respect to x leads to Equation 2. In power lines, phases
mutually affect each other due to mutual coupling. Using the method of symmetrical components (matrix
(3)), independent phase components and Equations 4 and 5 can be obtained:
𝟐 𝑽
𝒙 𝟐 = 𝑧𝑦𝑉
2 𝐼
𝑥2 = 𝑦𝑧𝐼
(2)
L.Δx R.Δx
ΔV
I+ΔI
C.Δx
ΔI
I
VV+ΔV
Δx

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Permanent Fault Location in Distribution System Using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)… (Ali Khaleghi)
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2
2
1 1 1
1
1 , 1 120
3
1
a a a
a a
= = Ð
é ù
ê ú
ê ú
ê ú
ê ú
ë û
T (3)
2 𝑉0,+,−
𝑥2 = 𝑇𝑧𝑦𝑇−1
𝑉0,+,− (4)
2 𝐼0,+,−
𝑥2 = 𝑇𝑦𝑧𝑇−1
𝐼0,+,− (5)
Solving Equations 4 and 5 and using Equation 6, the sequence of the voltage and current of each
section can be calculated. K represents the sequences of positive, negative and zero.
cosh( ) sinh( )
sinh( )
cosh( )
=
é ù
é ù ê úé ù
ê ú ê úê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ë ûë û ê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
c
S R
S R
c
K K K
K K
K
KK K
K
z
V V
I I
z
g g
g
g
(6)
c, zg Are defined as follows:
g =
=
k k k
k
k
c k
z y
z
z
y
where: l: the total length of section
VR: voltage of end bus of section
IR: current that is inputted to end bus of section
As will show in subsection 3.2, using phasor measurement units installed in the distribution system,
the voltage and current of the two S and R buses, the fault occurred between them, can be calculated. In
Figure 2 Using Equations 7 and 8, the voltage and current on the two sides of the fault point can be obtained.
Fault
L
D (1-D)Vs
VrVsp Vpr
Ias
Ibs
Ics
Iasp Iapr
Ibsp Ibpr
IcprIcsp
Iar
Ibr
Icr
P
Figure 2. Line between S and R buses that fault is occurred
1K K
K c K
SP SK
KK K
SP K S
c
cosh( D) z sinh( D)
V V
sinh( D)
cosh( D)I I
z
g g
g
g
-+
=
é ù
é ù é ùê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ë û ë ûê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
(7)
K K K
cK K
PR RK
KK K
PR K R
c
cosh( (1 D)) z sinh( (1 D))
V V
sinh( (1 D))
cosh( (1 D))I I
z
- -
= -
-
é ù
ê úé ù é ù
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ë û ë ûê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
g g
g
g
(8)

 ISSN: 2088-8708
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where: k
spV : Voltage of fault point from sending side
k
prV : Voltage of fault point from receiving side
k
spI : Current of fault point from sending side
k
prI : Current of fault point from receiving side
Since the voltage is equal at the point of fault, the following equations can be written:
- -
=PR SP
V V (9)
0 0
=PR SP
V V (10)
+ +
=PR SP
V V (11)
The only unknown factor in the above equations is the fault location per line length unit (D) that can
be obtained through solving Equations 9, 10 and 11 using Newton-Raphson algorithm. When the network is
in the form of single-phase lines, instead of Equation 6, the following equation is used:
cosh( ) sinh( )
sinh( )
cosh( )
=
é ù
é ù ê úé ù
ê ú ê úê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ë ûë û ê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
c
S R
S R
c
z
V V
I I
z
g g
g
g
(12)
In the next sub-section, the fault type detection method in the two groups of phase-to-phase and
phase-to-ground is separately determined and the fault resistance will be calculated.
2.2. Fault Type Determination and Fault Resistance Calculation
To determining the type of fault, using transfer matrix and according to the equations 13 and 14 the
phase voltage and current at the point of fault can be estimated:
0
2
2
1 1 1
1
1
a a
a a
+
-
=
é ùé ùé ù ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê úë û ê úë ûë û
a
b
c
VV
V V
V V
(13)
0
2
2
1 1 1
1
1
a a
a a
+
-
=
é ùé ùé ù ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê úë û ê úë ûë û
a
b
c
II
I I
I I
(14)
2.2.1. Phase to Phase Fault
For example, the phase to phase fault for A and B phases by impedance fault ZFab is shown in
Figure 3. The fault current can be obtained as follows:
= -Fa asend a receiveI I I (15)
= -Fb bsend b receiveI I I (16)
= -Fc csend c receiveI I I (17)

2713
If one of the equations 18, 19 and 20 holds true, there is phase to phase fault:
= -Fa Fb
I I (18)
= -Fa Fc
I I (19)
= -Fb Fc
I I (20)
AB impedance phase-to-phase fault is calculated from the equation 21.
-
= Fa Fb
Fab
Fa
V V
Z
I
(21)
Vfa
Vfb
Zfab
Figure 3. Phase to phase fault model
2.2.2. Phase to Ground Fault
If Equations 18, 19 and 20 do not confirm, it can be concluded that a phase to ground fault has been
occurred. This fault is modelled as shown in Figure 4. The fault impedance matrix can be written like
equation 22:
+
= +
+
é ùé ù é ù
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê úê úë û ë ûë û
Fa Fg Fg FgFa Fa
Fb Fg Fb Fg Fg Fb
Fc FcFg Fg Fc Fg
Z Z Z ZV I
V Z Z Z Z I
V IZ Z Z Z
(22)
As a result, due to the fact that the phase voltage and current of the fault point are known, the
impedance matrix can be calculated and according to the values obtained for the fault impedance of equation
22 and the fault current, one can determine which types of faults (Single-phase to ground, two-phase to
ground and three-phase to ground) occurred in the distribution system.
Zfc Zfb Zfa
Zfg
a
b
c
Figure 4. Phase to ground fault model

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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
The proposed method for fault location is based on assumption that the voltage and current of the
two buses in which the fault occurred in the line between them are known. However, only the voltage and
current of a limited number of buses on which PMUs are installed are available. Therefore, in the rest of the
article, a method for PMUs placement with respect to the proposed algorithm is presented to obtain the data
of other buses through using the PMUs data.
3.1. PMU Allocation in Distribution Systems
3.1.1. Network Observability Using PMU
PMU installed on a specific bus can measure the voltage magnitude and phase angle of bus as well
as the magnitude and phase angle of branches currents attached to that bus. As a result, the magnitude and
phase angle of voltage and current of buses connected to the bus that equipped with PMU can also be
estimated using basic rules (KVL, KCL) of electricity. Consider, for example, Figure 5, the buses in which
the PMU is installed (PMU buses) are direct observable, and those buses that are connected to the PMU
buses are indirect observable. The others are not observable [22-23].
Figure 5. Network observability using PMU
3.1.2. PMU Allocation Algorithm
PMU placement should provide the following conditions:
a. According to the placement of PMUs the voltage and current of all buses from two sides can be
calculated. This means that when fault is occurred in one side of a bus, the data of bus can be acquired
from the other side that is intact (completely observability).
b. In all buses not connected from one side to the other bus (end buses), a PMU is installed so that
information is available in the event of a fault on the other side of the end bus.
After allocating PMUs with considering above conditions, the voltage and current of all buses can be
calculated at any time.
3.2. Feeder’s Data Calculation
To better explain the contents of this subdivision, for example, a single-line diagram of a sample
distribution system is shown in Figure 6. According to PMU placement algorithm the PMUs are installed on
buses 1, 5, 6. Therefore, the voltage and current of these buses will be simultaneously and directly available
for fault locator. The calculation of the voltage and current of buses 2 and 4 in the normal mode of the
network will be as follows:
It is assumed that loads in the buses where PMU is not installed are static. From bus 6, using
Equation 6, voltage and current can be obtained. Therefore can be calculated using Equation
23:
46 4
,abc abc
I V 42abc
I

2715
(23)
From the bus 1, the and from bus 5, are estimated according to equation 6 and then
is obtained via (24):
(24)
According to equation 6 and the obtained , the current is estimated, and:
(25)
Thus, , are known.
Figure 6. A single-line diagram of a sample distribution system
Similarly, according to the proposed method for installing PMUs in each distribution system, the
calculation of the voltage and current of buses with the algorithm presented in this subsection is
generalizable. In the event of a fault in the network, voltages and currents are also calculated, except that
symmetric components are used for observation.
3.3. Fault Location Algorithm
The proposed fault location algorithm is presented as follows
a. The synchronous data are received from all PMUs in a cycle.
b. The calculation of the voltage and current of buses of the entire distribution system according to the
algorithm provided in section 3.2 (estimation of voltage and current of all the pairs of buses at any time)
c. Equation 6 should be checked for all pairs of buses. Pair of buses in which Equation 6 does not hold are
considered as sections with fault. (Go to the next step). If Equation 6 holds for all pairs of buses, go to
step1.
d. According to Equations 7 to 11 and using Newton-Raphson's algorithm, fault location in line unit length
(D) is estimated for all pairs of buses that are considered as the section with fault.
e. Fault has occurred between two buses where 0 <D <1 and D is the fault location per line length unit.
f. The voltage and current of fault point are estimated according to the equations (13) to (17). The
type of fault and fault resistance can be determined according to sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. The algorithm
flowchart is shown in Figure 7.
4
42 46
4
= + abc
abc abc
L
V
I I
Z
21 2
,abc abc
I V 35 3
,abc abc
I V
32abc
I
3
32 35
3
= + abc
abc abc
L
V
I I
Z
3 32,abc abcV I 23abcI
2
24 21 23
2
= - - abc
abc abc abc
L
V
I I I
Z
4 2,abc abcV V 42 24,abc abcI I
V2abc
V4abc V6abc
V3abc
V5abc
ZL2
ZL4 ZL6
ZL3 ZL5
I1abc I21abc
I46abc I6abc
I5abcI35abc
V1abc
PMU
PMU
PMU
,Fabc Fabc
I V

 ISSN: 2088-8708
2716
Receive Datafrom PMU
(one cycle)
Calculate voltage and current of all
the pair nodes in Distribution network
VS,VR,IS,IR
Select two nodes
(respectively)
Equation 6 is hold fortwo
nodes?
YES
All of the section
is investigate?
NO
NO
Calculate voltage of fault point
according equation (7) & (8)
Vsp,Vpr
Solve the equation Vsp-Vpr=0 using
Newton Rawson algorithm and obtain
unknown D
0<D<1
????
NO
YES
D is location fault per
length
YES
Calculate current of fault point
according to equation (7) & (8)
Isp,Ipr
Ifa=Iasp-Iapr
Ifb=Ibsp-Ibpr
Ifc=Icsp-Icpr
Ifa=-Ifb??
Or
Ifb=-Ifc??
Or
Ifa=-Ifc?? YES
Phase to
Phase Fault
is occured
NO
Phase to
ground Fault
is occured
The fault resistance is
obtain from Eq. 21
The fault resistance is obtain
from Eq. 22
Figure 7. Flowchart of proposed method
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
To evaluate the proposed method using a real system, 25 kV distribution system of Saskpower in
Canada [21] was studied. The 25 kV single-line diagram is shown in Figure 8. The implementation of the
proposed algorithms was done in MATLAB and then the simulation of 25KV distribution system was carry
out by EMTP-RV software. In the conducted simulations, distributed line parameter model was used. All
loads were considered as static load. The percentage of error in fault locating is obtained from the following
equation:
actual fault location-estimate fault location
percentage of error= 100
length of line
´ (26)

2717
load load
load
load load
load
load
load load
load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
18
20 21
13
16 15
17
14
load
19
PMU
12
PMU
PMU
PMUPMUPMU
PMU
PMU
PMUPMU
Figure 8. Diagram of 25 kV power distribution system of Canada
Various simulations for three different pairs of buses with different types of faults (single-phase to
ground, phase to phase, 3-phase to ground) were done on the 25 kV distribution system. The results of the
implementation of the proposed method are shown in Table 1. It should be noted that the line between buses
(3-4) and (6-13) is three-phase, and the line between buses (18-20) is single-phase.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for faults with low fault impedances,
faults with 10 ohms of resistance were simulated, and the proposed method in these cases were evaluated,
and the results are shown in Table 1. In this table, in addition to the fault location estimation, the fault
resistance was also estimated. The results show the high accuracy of the proposed method.
As shown in Table 1, fault locating is implemented between three pairs of buses in Canada 25 KV
distribution system. Faults have occurred at three distinct distances between two buses. In order to
demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method in various fault resistances, faults have been investigated
in three distinct fault resistances (10, 100 and 300 ohms). The maximum error rate in the fault location is less
than 0.15%, which indicates the high accuracy of the proposed method. Also, regard to the numbers obtained
in different conditions, it can be concluded that the accuracy of the method does not depend on the fault
conditions and the results indicate the low sensitivity of the proposed method toward the fault resistance,
fault location, and fault inception. Figure 9 to 10 shows fault percentage of error in relation to the fault
resistance of 10, 100 and 300 ohms. As shown in figures, fault locating for each position in different fault
resistance is close to each other.
(a) (b)
Figure 9. (a) Percentage of error between bus 3 and 4 considering different conditions. (b) Percentage of error
between bus 6 and 13 considering different condition

 ISSN: 2088-8708
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Figure 10. Percentage of error between bus 18 and 20 considering different conditions
Table 1. Simulation Results
Fault
resistance
Actual fault
location
Type of fault
Single phase to ground Phase to phase Three phase to ground
Fault
between Bus
(3-4)
Fault
Location
from Bus 3
Percentage of
Error
(location)
Fault
Resistance
(ohm)
Percentage of
Error
(location)
Fault
Resistance(ohm)
Percentage of
Error
(location)
Fault
Resistance
(ohm)
10 ohm
1005.75
meter
0.0082190 9.9861 0.01094 10.0134 0.01456 9.9921
100 ohm 0.0074577 100.0379 0.007523 100.0685 0.007612 100.052
300 ohm 0.0074354 300.178 0.007487 300.2094 0.007462 300.1934
10 ohm
2212.65
meter
0.0070608 9.9868 0.01047 10.0069 0.015064 9.9924
100 ohm 0.065043 100.016 0.006545 100.0382 0.006605 100.0279
300 ohm 0.006525 300.1001 0.006526 300.1224 0.00652 300.1126
10 ohm
2816.1
meter
0.006896 9.9896 0.01363 10.0042 0.02107 9.994
100 ohm 0.0029392 100.0084 0.0032659 100.0245 0.003713 100.0175
300 ohm 0.0028556 300.0644 0.002908 300.0806 0.002971 300.0739
10 ohm
603.5
meter
0.015352 10 0.031029 10 0.047291 10
100 ohm 0.0031594 100.0002 0.0043964 100.0002 0.0059012 100.001
300 ohm 0.0026904 300.0006 0.0028942 300.0006 0.0031919 300.003
10 ohm
1327.7
meter
0.014013 10 0.028465 10.0001 0.043621 9.9999
100 ohm 0.0021049 100.0001 0.0035189 100.0006 0.0050663 100.0001
300 ohm 0.0014482 300.0003 0.0017519 300.0004 0.0021499 300.0004
10 ohm
1689.8
meter
0.012104 10 0.024591 10.0001 0.037811 10
100 ohm 0.0015841 100.0001 0.0029080 100.0004 0.0042982 100.0004
300 ohm 0.00087521 300.0002 0.0012204 300.0012 0.0016305 300.0012
10 ohm
804.75
meter
0.080157 10.1206 - - - -
100 ohm 0.028213 107.1013
300 ohm 0.023404 298.0522 - - - -
10 ohm
1770.45
meter
0.038865 9.998
100 ohm 0.022889 99.7842 - - - -
300 ohm 0.01899 298.1764
10 ohm
2253.3
meter
0.14 9.9981 - - - -
100 ohm 0.035857 99.7856
300 ohm 0.019663 298.1952 - - - -
In order to validate the performance of the proposed method, Table 2 examines the error rate in the
fault locating in distribution systems with different methods. As shown in table 2, the method presented in
this paper has a relative superiority to other methods.
Table 2. Comparison between Different Methods
Mean of error (%)
Fault type Proposed method
Ref [24]
Fault res. (10ohm)
Ref [25]
Fault res. (10 ohm)
Ref [26]
Fault res. (100ohm)
Single phase to ground 0.021 - 2.293 1
Phase to phase 0.009 0.065 - -
Three phase 0.013 0.085 2.294 -

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5. CONCLUSION
Finding a fast and accurate fault locating method has been of particular importance. In the
meantime, it should be considered that the location of the fault in the distribution system is more complex
than the transmission system. Due to the increasing use of PMUs in power systems for network monitoring,
in this article, the PMUs have been used to provide a method for fault locating. In the proposed method, first,
according to the system topology, the location of the installation of the PMUs should be located so that the
data of all buses can be calculated from both sides during the faults. If a fault occurs in the system, the
information obtained from both sides of a bus is not consistent with each other. Subsequently, based on the
proposed algorithm the fault location and type will be estimated. In the proposed method, according to the
characteristics of the PMUs, the asymmetry and the presence of several laterals in lines, in the fault locating
are ineffective. The maximum percentage of fault locating error is less than 0.15%, indicating the high
accuracy of the proposed method. The results also showed the low sensitivity of the proposed method to
resistance, location and type of the faults. Also, the evaluation of the proposed method and comparison with
other previous work on fault locating in distribution systems indicates the superiority of the proposed
method.
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 ISSN: 2088-8708
2720
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ali Khaleghi was born in 1989 in Kerman, Iran. He obtained his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering
in 2012 at Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. He received his M.Sc. degree in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran in
2015. His research interests include Power System Protection, intelligent system, and control
system.
Mahmoud Oukati Sadegh was born in 1966 in Zabol, Iran. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degree in electrical power system engineering from Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, in 1989 and
1992 respectively. the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Strathclyde University in
Glasgow, UK in 2003. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. His research
interests are power system control and operation, Electrical distribution system and Smart grid.
Mahdi Ghazizadeh Ahsaee, received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from Bahonar
University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran, in 2000, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
Mazandaran University, Babol, Iran, in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, in 2012. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. His research
interests are power system protection, fault location, and application of ﬂexible ac transmission
systems devices.

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