Philosophy of engineering unit one by SRM
- 1. POE UNIT 1
- 2. Definition of Engineering • Engineering is the systematic application of scientific knowledge to solve real-world problems through the design, development, and maintenance of structures, machines, devices, systems, or processes. In Computer Science Engineering, this involves the creation of software systems, computer networks, algorithms, and hardware solutions to optimize computing processes and address computational challenges.
- 3. History of Engineering Development in Computer Science Early Foundations (1930s–1940s) • The roots of computer science can be traced back to Alan Turing, often considered the father of theoretical computer science. In the 1930s, Turing conceptualized the Turing machine, which laid the foundation for modern computing. • During World War II, engineers developed the first electronic computers. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), completed in 1945, is one of the earliest large-scale computers, designed to perform complex calculations for the military.
- 4. Transistor Revolution (1940s–1950s) • The invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley was a monumental step in electronics and computer engineering. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, enabling computers to become smaller, faster, and more reliable. • The 1950s saw the creation of the first programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL, which allowed engineers to communicate instructions to computers more efficiently.
- 5. The Integrated Circuit (1960s) • The 1960s witnessed the development of integrated circuits (ICs), which combined multiple transistors onto a single chip, further reducing the size and cost of computers. This technology led to the development of mainframe computers and early minicomputers. • Operating systems like Unix, developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in the late 1960s, became critical in managing hardware resources and allowing multiple users to run programs concurrently.
- 6. The Microprocessor Era (1970s) • The creation of the microprocessor in 1971 by Intel, led by engineers such as Ted Hoff, revolutionized computing. A single chip could now serve as the brain of a computer, leading to the development of personal computers (PCs). • Companies like Apple and Microsoft emerged in the 1970s, with innovations such as the Apple II and MS-DOS, making computers more accessible to the general public.
- 7. The Internet and Networking Boom (1980s– 1990s) • The development of the Internet in the late 1960s, initially through ARPANET, gained widespread popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. The World Wide Web, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, changed the landscape of communication and information exchange. • The 1990s saw the rise of software engineering, with advances in network protocols (TCP/IP), databases, and client-server architectures. Java and C++ became prominent programming languages for building applications.
- 8. Modern Computing (2000s–Present) • In the 21st century, advances in cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, blockchain, and quantum computing have dramatically changed the field of computer science. Engineers now design systems that can process vast amounts of data, create intelligent algorithms, and improve cybersecurity. • Companies like Google, Amazon, and Facebook have pioneered innovations in search algorithms, cloud infrastructure, and social networks, influencing how people interact with technology today.