PHP conference Berlin 2015: running PHP on Nginx

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Tips and tricks for high performance websites
Harald Zeitlhofer
June 2015
Boost your website by running
PHP on Nginx
@HZeitlhofer
harald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com

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• Technology Strategist at Dynatrace
• Database and Web Development
• PHP for more than 15 years
• Love to discover new things
Harald Zeitlhofer

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Tips and tricks for high performance websites

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Modern Web Pages: lots of static content
434 Resources in total on that page:
230 JPEGs, 75 PNGs, 50 GIFs, …
more than 20MB page size

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cached content
can still create roundtrips
to the network!

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PHP
run modes
Apache Module
– traditional approach
– used for most PHP environments
PHP-FPM
– fast process manager
– run multiple PHP worker processes to
serve FastCGI requests
HHVM
– Virtual machine for HipHop
– fast PHP engine
– can serve FastCGI requests

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PHP-FPM
FastCGI Process Manager
Available since 5.3.3
Stable since 5.4.1

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• Installation
• Pool configuration
/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
PHP-FPM
[www]
user = www-data
group = www-data
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 # for Unix socket: unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
root@hzvm01:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ps -ef | grep php
root 6435 1 0 14:39 ? 00:00:32 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/fpm/php-
fpm.conf)
spelix 6439 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch
spelix 6440 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch
www-data 10576 6435 1 18:45 ? 00:00:48 php-fpm: pool www
sudo apt-get install php5-fpm

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HHVM
HipHop Virtual Machine
Facebook's PHP engine
JIT compiler
supports PHP and Hack

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• Installation
• start server
cd /your/root/folder
hhvm --mode server -vServer.Type=fastcgi -vServer.Port=9000
echo deb http://dl.hhvm.com/ubuntu trusty main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hhvm.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install hhvm
hhvm --mode server -vServer.Type=fastcgi –vServer.FileSocket=/var/run/hhvm.sock

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Nginx
Lightweight HTTP server
Event based request handling
Fast especially at high load
Open Source project (BSD)
Commercial version NGINX Plus

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/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# max_clients = worker_processes * worker_connections
worker_processes 8; # number of CPUs
events {
worker_connections 1024;
multi_accept on;
}

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• Static content to be served by Nginx
• Dynamic requests to be sent to PHP
Integration
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.yourdomain.com;
root /var/www/test;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
location ~* .(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ {
try_files $uri =404;
}
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}

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Communication via sockets
• TCP vs Unix
• Unix slightly faster when used on localhost
• Use TCP for high load
location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
}
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

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http://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014
 to be processed by index.php
URL rewrite
...
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-l
RewriteRule ^(.+)$ index.php
...

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http://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014
 to be processed by index.php
URL rewrite
upstream php {
server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www;
server_name www.mysite.com;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ @missing;
}
location @missing {
rewrite (.*) /index.php;
}
location ~ .php$ {
fastcgi_pass php;
}
}

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using Nginx/PHP-FPM there’s a better way:
URL rewrite
upstream php {
}
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www;
server_name www.mysite.com;
location /images {
}
location /scripts {
}
location / {
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME
/var/www/index.php;
fastcgi_pass php;
}
}
<?php
$params = explode('/', $_SERVER["DOCUMENT_URI"]);
...

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• Part of Nginx' FastCGI module
Nginx FastCGI cache
fastcgi_cache_path /etc/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=APPKEY:100m inactive=60m;
fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_cache APPKEY;
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 60m;
}

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FastCGI cache in action
<?php
echo time()."n";
?>

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FastCGI cache in action
<?php
echo time()."n";
?>

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Full page cache with Memcached
<?php
...
function __construct () {
$this->c = new Memcached();
$this->c->addServer('localhost',11211);
}
function setCache ($key, $content) {
$this->c->set($key, $content);
}
...
// get HTML content
$html = $this->renderPage();
$this->setCache($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], $html);
...
?>

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Data cache with Memcached
<?php
...
function __construct () {
$this->c = new Memcached();
$this->c->addServer('localhost',11211);
}
function setCache ($key, $content) {
$this->c->set($key, $content);
}
...
// get data structure
$newslist = $this->getNewsList();
$this->setCache('/data/news/getlist', json_encode($newslist));
...
?>

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• ngx_http_memcached_module
Full page / data cache with Nginx and Memcached
upstream php {
}
server {
location / {
set $memcached_key "$uri";
memcached_pass localhost:11211;
error_page 404 502 504 = @notincache;
}
location @notincache {
fastcgi_pass php;
}
}

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PHP, 5k requests, concurrency 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Apache+PHP Nginx+PHP Nginx+Memcached
<?php
echo "Hello World";
?>
7,28 4,6 3,05

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• set HTTP response expires header
Client Side Caching
location ~ .(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ {
expires 90d;
access_log off;
error_log off;
}

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• keep handlers for requested static files open
Filehandle Caching
open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=5m;
open_file_cache_valid 60s;
open_file_cache_min_uses 5;
open_file_cache_errors off;

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Load balancing
upstream php {
ip_hash;
server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock weight=5;
server 192.168.56.12:9000 weight=2;
server 192.168.56.13:9000;
server 192.168.56.14:9000 backup;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /home/www/test;
server_name test.hzvm01;
location / {
}
location ~ .php$ {
fastcgi_pass php;
}
}

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• Methods
• round-robin
• least-connected (least_conn)
• session persistence (ip_hash)
• Weighted load balancing
• Health checks
• max_fails
• fail_timeout
Load balancing

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• Nginx running with default settings
• Apache
• AllowOverride None
• Multi-process (prefork) mode
to allow usage of mod_php
Benchmarking Nginx vs Apache

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Static HTML, 10k requests
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
100 500 1000 2000
Apache/2.4.9
nginx/1.1.19
concurrency
Totalresponsetime[sec]

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• Load Generator
(Apache Benchmark, Selenium, JMeter)
• Firebug, Google Developer Tools
Dynatrace Ajax Edition
• Dynatrace Free Trial
• Free trial license for 30 days
• Free personal license for developers
My favorite performance tools
http://bit.ly/dttrial

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www.dynatrace.com
Thank you !!!
Harald Zeitlhofer
Senior Technology Strategist
#HZeitlhofer
harald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com
http://blog.dyntrace.com

PHP conference Berlin 2015: running PHP on Nginx

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