PHP - Introduction to PHP Bugs - Debugging

Introduction to PHPIntroduction to PHP
Bugs - DebuggingBugs - Debugging

What You Won’t LearnWhat You Won’t Learn
• how to solve all your problems
• the one true way to avoid all bugs
• Many platform specific debugging techniques

DocumentationDocumentation
• learn where the documentation for your system is
and use it
• when in doubt, look it up!
- Internet is your friend, but many cluless people so must filter. Use
definitive sources if you can
- man pages/Info system for Unix systems
- MSDN for windows
- javadoc for Java libraries
- /Developer/Documentation for Mac OS X

DebuggingDebugging
• Debugging is a black art. Some things to
go over, though, so they’ll be concrete in
our brains:
o relation to testing
o why debugging is hard
o types of bugs
o process
o techniques
o tools
o avoiding bugs

Debugging and testingDebugging and testing
• Testing and debugging go together like peas in a
pod:
o Testing finds errors; debugging localizes and repairs
them.
o Together these form the “testing/debugging cycle”:
we test, then debug, then repeat.
o Any debugging should be followed by a reapplication
of all relevant tests, particularly regression tests. This
avoids (reduces) the introduction of new bugs when
debugging.
o Testing and debugging need not be done by the same
people (and often should not be).

Why debugging is hardWhy debugging is hard
• There may be no obvious relationship between the external
manifestation(s) of an error and its internal cause(s).
• Symptom and cause may be in remote parts of the program.
• Changes (new features, bug fixes) in program may mask (or
modify) bugs.
• Symptom may be due to human mistake or misunderstanding
that is difficult to trace.
• Bug may be triggered by rare or difficult to reproduce input
sequence, program timing (threads) or other external causes.
• Bug may depend on other software/system state, things others
did to you systems weeks/months ago.

Designing for Debug/TestDesigning for Debug/Test
• when you write code think about how you are
going to test/debug it
- lack of thought always translates into bugs
• write test cases when you write your code
• if something should be true assert() it
• create functions to help visualize your data
• design for testing/debugging from the start
• test early, test often
• test at abstraction boundaries

Fault InjectionFault Injection
• many bugs only happen in the uncommon case
• make this case more common having switches that
cause routines to fail
- file open, file write, memory allocation, are all good candidates
- Have “test drivers” which test with the uncommon
data. If deeply buried, test with a debugger script

Finding and Fixing BugsFinding and Fixing Bugs
• in order to create quality software you need to find
your bugs
- testing
- user reports
• the best bugs are those that are always
reproducible

Types of bugsTypes of bugs
• Types of bugs (gotta love em):
o Compile time: syntax, spelling, static type mismatch.
• Usually caught with compiler
o Design: flawed algorithm.
• Incorrect outputs
o Program logic (if/else, loop termination, select case, etc).
• Incorrect outputs
o Memory nonsense: null pointers, array bounds, bad types, leaks.
• Runtime exceptions
o Interface errors between modules, threads, programs (in
particular, with shared resources: sockets, files, memory, etc).
• Runtime Exceptions
o Off-nominal conditions: failure of some part of software of
underlying machinery (network, etc).
• Incomplete functionality
o Deadlocks: multiple processes fighting for a resource.
• Freeze ups, never ending processes

The ideal debuggingThe ideal debugging
processprocess
• A debugging algorithm for software engineers:
o Identify test case(s) that reliably show existence of fault (when
possible)
o Isolate problem to small fragment(s) of program
o Correlate incorrect behavior with program logic/code error
o Change the program (and check for other parts of program
where same or similar program logic may also occur)
o Regression test to verify that the error has really been removed
- without inserting new errors
o Update documentation when appropriate
(Not all these steps need be done by the same person!)

General AdviceGeneral Advice
• try to understand as much of what is
happening as possible
• “it compiles” is NOT the same as “it works”
• when in doubt, ask. Then test the answer!
• Error messages are generally just a vague
hint and can be misleading.
• Don’t always trust the
“comments/documents”, they can be out-
of-date.

What is a Debugger?What is a Debugger?
“A software tool that is used to detect the source of
program or script errors, by performing step-by-step
execution of application code and viewing the
content of code variables.”
-MSDN

What is a Debugger?What is a Debugger?
(con't)(con't)
• A debugger is not an IDE
o Though the two can be integrated, they are separate entities.
• A debugger loads in a program (compiled executable,
or interpreted source code) and allows the user to
trace through the execution.
• Debuggers typically can do disassembly, stack traces,
expression watches, and more.

Why use a Debugger?Why use a Debugger?
• No need for precognition of what the error might be.
• Flexible
o Allows for “live” error checking – no need to re-write and re-compile when you
realize a certain type of error may be occuring
o Dynamic
o Can view the entire relevant scope

Why people don’tWhy people don’t use a Debugger?use a Debugger?
• With simple errors, may not want to bother with starting
up the debugger environment.
o Obvious error
o Simple to check using prints/asserts
• Hard-to-use debugger environment
• Error occurs in optimized code
• Changes execution of program (error doesn’t occur
while running debugger)

Debugging techniques, 1Debugging techniques, 1
• Execution tracing
o running the program
o print
o trace utilities
o single stepping in debugger
o hand simulation

Debugging techniques, 2Debugging techniques, 2
• Interface checking
o check procedure parameter number/type (if not
enforced by compiler) and value
o defensive programming: check inputs/results from
other modules
o documents assumptions about caller/callee
relationships in modules, communication protocols,
etc
• Assertions: include range constraints or other
information with data.
• Skipping code: comment out suspect code,
then check if error remains.

Other Functions of aOther Functions of a
DebuggerDebugger
• Disassembly (in context and with live data!)
• Execution Tracing/Stack tracing
• Symbol watches

DisassemblyDisassembly
• Most basic form of debugging
• Translating machine code into assembly instructions
that are more easily understood by the user.
• Typically implementable as a simple lookup table
• No higher-level information (variable names, etc.)
• Relatively easy to implement.

Execution TracingExecution Tracing
• Follows the program through the execution. Users
can step through line-by-line, or use breakpoints.
• Typically allows for “watches” on – registers,
memory locations, symbols
• Allows for tracing up the stack of runtime errors
(back traces)
• Allows user to trace the causes of unexpected
behavior and fix them

Symbol InformationSymbol Information
• Problem – a compiler/assembler translates variable
names and other symbols into internally consistent
memory addresses
• How does a debugger know which location is
denoted by a particular symbol?
• We need a “debug” executable.

Debug vs. Release BuildsDebug vs. Release Builds
• Debug builds usually are not optimized
• Debug executables contain:
o program's symbol tables
o location of the source file
o line number tags for assembly instructions.
• GCC/GDB allows debugging of optimized code.

Bug hunting with print
• Weak form of debugging, but still common
• How bug hunting with print can be made more useful:
– print variables other than just those you think
suspect.
– print valuable statements (not just “hin”).
– use exit() to concentrate on a part of a program.
– move print through a through program to track down
a bug.

Debugging with print (continued)
• Building debugging with print into a program (more
common/valuable):
– print messages, variables/test results in useful places
throughout program.
– use a ‘debug’ or ‘debug_level’ global flag to turn
debugging messages on or off, or change “levels”
– possibly use a source file preprocessor (#ifdef) to
insert/remove debug statements.
– Often part of “regression testing” so automated
scripts can test output of many things at once.

Finding ReproducibleFinding Reproducible
BugsBugs
• a bug happens when there is a mismatch
between what you (someone) think is
happening and what is actually happening
• confirm things you believe are true
• narrow down the causes one by one
• make sure you understand your program
state
• keep a log of events and assumptions

Finding ReproducibleFinding Reproducible
BugsBugs
• try explaining what should be happing
- Verbalization/writing often clarifies muddled thoughts
• have a friend do a quick sanity check
• don’t randomly change things, your actions should
have a purpose.
o If you are not willing to check it into CVS with a log that your boss may
read, then you are not ready to make that change to the code.
o Think it through first, both locally and globally.

(semi) irreproducible(semi) irreproducible
bugsbugs
• sometimes undesired behavior only happens
sporadically
• tracking down these heisenbugs is hard
• the error could be a any level
- Circuits (e.g. bad ram chip at high memory address)
- compiler
- os
- Linker
- Irreproducible external “data” and timing

Finding HeisenBugsFinding HeisenBugs
• Use good tools like Purify. Most common “Heisenbugs”
are memory or thread related.
• try to make the bug reproducible by switching
platforms/libraries/compilers
• insert checks for invariants and have the program stop
everything when one is violated
• verify each layer with small, simple tests
• find the smallest system which demonstrates the bug
• Test with “canned data”, replayed over net if needed.

Timing and ThreadingTiming and Threading
BugsBugs
• ensure the functionality works for a single thread
• if adding a printf() removes the bug it is almost
certainly a timing/threading bug or a trashed
memory bug
• try using coarse grained locking to narrow down
the objects involved
• try keeping an event (transaction) log

Memory Bugs and Buffer OverflowMemory Bugs and Buffer Overflow
• Trashing stack/heap causes often difficult to
find bugs.
• Manifestation can be far from actual bug.
o “Free list” information generally stored just after a
“malloced” chunck of data. Overwriting may not
cause problem until data is “freed”, or until
something else does a malloc after the free.
o Stack variables, overwriting past end, changes
other variables, sometimes return address. (Buffer
overflow)
o Bad “string” ops notorious, using input data can
also be problematic.

An example….An example….
void myinit(int startindex, int startvalue, int length, int* vect){
int i;
for(i=startindex; i< startindex+length; i++)
*vect++ = startvalue++;
}
void whattheheck(){ printf("How did I ever get here????n"); exit(2); }
int main(int argc, char**argv){
float d;
int a,b[10],c, i, start,end;
if(argc != 3) {printf("Usage:%s start, endn",argv[0]);exit(-1); }
start=atoi(argv[1]); end=atoi(argv[2]); /* bad style but shorter */
a=0; c=0; d=3.14159; /* bad style but shorter */
printf("Initally a %d, c %d, d %f, start %d, end %dn",a,c,d, start,end);
myinit(start,start,end,b+start);
printf("finally a %d, c %d, d %f start %d, end %d n",a,c,d, start, end);
if(end>10) b[end-1]=134513723;
return 0;
}

Debugging TechniquesDebugging Techniques
• methodology is key
• knowing about lots of debugging tools helps
• the most critical tool in your arsenal is your
brain
• second most important tool is a debugger
o Core dumps are your friends.. Learn how to use
them.
• Memory debugging tools third most
important
• Profiler fourth

ToolsTools
• Tracing programs:
o strace, truss (print out system calls),
o /bin/bash –X to get a shell script to say what its
doing
• Command-line debuggers :
o gdb (C, C++), jdb (java), “perl -d”
• Random stuff:
o electric fence or malloc_debug, mtrace, etc (a
specialized malloc() for finding memory leaks in
C/C++)
o purify (Part of Rational Suite, a really good memory
debugging tools for C/C++ programs)

DebuggersDebuggers
• allow programs to inspect the state of a running
program
• become more important when debugging
graphical or complex applications
• jdb and gjdb for java
• gdb for C/C++ programs on unix/Max
• MSVS for Win32
• kdb for the linux kernel

Using gdbUsing gdb
• Compile debugging information into
your program:
gcc -g <program>
• Read the manual:
o man gdb
oin emacs (tex-info):
http://www.cslab.vt.edu/manuals/gdb/gdb_toc.html
M-x help <return> i <return>, arrow to GDB, <return>
oonline:

gdb comandsgdb comands
run/continue/next/step: start the program, continue
running until break, next line (don’t step into
subroutines), next line (step into subroutines).
break <name>: set a break point on the named
subroutine. Debugger will halt program execution
when subroutine called.
backtrace: print a stack trace.
print <expr>: execute expression in the current
program state, and print results (expression may
contain assignments, function calls).
help: print the help menu. help <subject> prints a
subject menu.
quit: exit gdb.

General GDBGeneral GDB
• easiest to use inside of emacs (M-x gdb)
• run starts the program
• set args controls the arguments to the program
• breakpoints control where the debugger stops
the program (set with C-x space)
• next moves one step forward
• step moves one step forward and also traverses
function calls
• continue runs the program until the next
breakpoint

• p prints a value (can be formated)
- /x hex
- /o octal
- /t binary (t is for two)
- /f float
- /u unsigned decimal

• bt shows the current backtrace (also where)
• up/down move up down the stack
• f # lets you switch to frame # in the current
backtrace
• set var=value
• call allows call of a function (the syntax can get
funky)
• jump (dump to a particular line of code)
• Thread # lets you switch to a particular thread

Advanced GDBAdvanced GDB
• watchpoints let you check if an expression
changes
• catchpoints let you know when interesting things
like exec calls or library loads happen
• x lets you inspect the contents of memory
• Watchpoints can be quite slow, best to combine
with breakpoints.

Advanced GDBAdvanced GDB
• gcc 3.1 and up provides macro information to gdb
if you specify the options -gdwardf2 and -g3 on the
command line
• you can debug and already running process with
the attach pid command
• you can apply a GDB command to all threads with
thread apply all
• GDB can be used to debug remote embedded
systems (gdbserver, etc..)

The example in gdbThe example in gdb
void myinit(int startindex, int startvalue, int length, int* vect){
int i;
for(i=startindex; i< startindex+length; i++)
*vect++ = startvalue++;
}
void whattheheck(){ printf("How did I ever get here????n"); exit(2); }
int main(int argc, char**argv){
float d;
int a,b[10],c, i, start,end;
if(argc != 3) {printf("Usage:%s start, endn",argv[0]);exit(-1); }
start=atoi(argv[1]); end=atoi(argv[2]); /* bad style but shorter */
a=0; c=0; d=3.14159; /* bad style but shorter */
printf("Initally a %d, c %d, d %f, start %d, end %dn",a,c,d, start,end);
myinit(start,start,end,b+start);
printf("finally a %d, c %d, d %f start %d, end %d n",a,c,d, start, end);
if(end>10) b[end-1]=134513723;
return 0;
}

JDBJDB
• Compile your source file with -g option
o Produce debugging information
o For example
javac –g rsdimu.java
• To run jdb,
o Type “jdb”, use run command to load an
executable
• run <class name>
• For example, run rsdimu
o OR type “jdb <class name>, then
• Type “run” to execute the program
o Type “quit” to exit jdb

BreakpointBreakpoint
• Make your program stops whenever a certain point
in the program is reached
• For example
o Make a breakpoint in
line 6
stop at Demo:6
o Program stops before
execute line 6
o Allow you to examine
code, variables, etc.
public class Demo
{
public static void main(…)
{
System.out.println(“An”);
System.out.println(“Bn”);
System.out.println(“Cn”);
}
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

BreakpointBreakpoint
• Add breakpoint
o stop at MyClass:<line num>
o stop in java.lang.String.length
o stop in MyClass.<method name>
• Delete breakpoint
o clear (clear all breakpoints)
o clear <breakpoint>
• e.g. clear MyClasss:22

StepStep
• Execute one source line, then stop and return to
JDB
• Example
public void func()
{
return 0;
}
public void func()
{
return 0;
}
step

NextNext
• Similar to step, but treat function call as one source line
• Example
next
public void func1() {
println(“Bn”);
println(“Cn”);
}
public void func() {
println(“An”);
func1();
return 0;
}
public void func1() {
println(“Bn”);
println(“Cn”);
}
public void func() {
println(“An”);
func1();
return 0;
}
step

ContCont
• Resume continuous execution of the program until
either one of the followings
o Next breakpoint
o End of program

PrintPrint
• Print
o Display the value of an expression
• print expression
o print MyClass.myStaticField
o print i + j + k
o print myObj.myMethod() (if myMethod returns a non-null)
o print new java.lang.String("Hello").length()
• Dump
o Display all the content of an object
• dump <object>

Purpose of Analysis ToolsPurpose of Analysis Tools
• Need for a feasible method to catch bugs in large
projects. Formal verification techniques require
unreasonable effort on large projects.
• Augment traditional debugging techniques
without adding unreasonable burden to the
development process.

Two Types of AnalysisTwo Types of Analysis
ToolsTools
• Static Analysis
• Run-time (dynamic) Analysis

SplintSplint
• Open Source Static Analysis Tool developed at
U.Va by Professor Dave Evans.
• Based on Lint.

Errors Splint will detectErrors Splint will detect
• Dereferencing a possibly null pointer.
• Using possibly undefined storage or returning
storage that is not properly defined.
• Type mismatches, with greater precision and
flexibility than provided by C compilers.
• Violations of information hiding.
• Memory management errors including uses of
dangling references and memory leaks.
• Dangerous aliasing.

Errors Splint will detect continued…Errors Splint will detect continued…
• Modifications and global variable uses that
are inconsistent with specified interfaces.
• Problematic control flow such as likely
infinite loops.
• Buffer overflow vulnerabilities.
• Dangerous macro initializations and
invocations.
• Violations of customized naming
conventions.

What’s wrong with thisWhat’s wrong with this
code?code?
void strcpy(char* str1, char* str2)
{
while (str2 != 0)
{
*str1 = *str2;
str1++;
str2++;
}
str1 = 0; //null terminate the string
}

What happens to theWhat happens to the
stack?stack?
void foo()
{
char buff1[20]; char buff2[40];
…
//put some data into buff2
strcpy(buff1, buff2);
}

Secure ProgrammingSecure Programming
• Exploitable bugs such as buffer overflows in
software are the most costly bugs.
• Incredibly frequent because they are so hard to
catch.
• Analysis tools play a big part in finding and fixing
security holes in software.

How does Splint deal with falseHow does Splint deal with false
positives?positives?
• Splint supports annotations to the code that
document assumptions the programmer makes
about a given piece of code
• These annotations help limit false positives.

Run-time AnalysisRun-time Analysis
• Many bugs cannot be determined at compile
time. Run-time tools required to find these bugs.
• Run-time analysis tools work at run-time instead of
compile time.

PurifyPurify
• Purify modifies object files at link time.
• After execution, Purify will report bugs such as
memory leaks and null dereferences.

Purify continued…Purify continued…
• From the purify manual: “Purify checks every
memory access operation, pinpointing where
errors occur and providing diagnostic information
to help you analyze why the errors occur.”

Types of errors found byTypes of errors found by
PurifyPurify
• Reading or writing beyond the bounds of an array.
• Using un-initialized memory.
• Reading or writing freed memory.
• Reading or writing beyond the stack pointer.
• Reading or writing through null pointers.
• Leaking memory and file descriptors.
• Using a pointer whose memory location was just
deallocated

Static vs. Run-timeStatic vs. Run-time
AnalysisAnalysis
• Probably good to use both.
• Run-time analysis has fewer false positives, but
usually requires that a test harness test all possible
control flow paths.

Cons of Analysis ToolsCons of Analysis Tools
• Add time and effort to the development process.
• Lots of false positives.
• No guarantee of catching every bug.
• However, in a commercial situation, probably
worth your time to use these tools.

Other ToolsOther Tools
• Mallocdebug and debugmalloc libraries
• valgrind is a purify-like tool which can
really help track down memory
corruption (linux only)
• MemProf for memory profiling and leak
detection (linux only)
www.gnome.org/projects/memprof
• electric fence is a library which helps you
find memory errors
• c++filt demangles a mangled c++ name

Memory LeaksMemory Leaks
• Memory bugs
o Memory corruption: dangling refs, buffer overflows
o Memory leaks
• Lost objects: unreachable but not freed
• Useless objects: reachable but not used again

• Memory bugs
o Memory leaks
Managed Languages
 80% of new software in Java or C# by 2010
[Gartner] (personally TB does not believe it..)
 Type safety & GC eliminate many bugs

• Memory bugs
o Memory leaks
• Useless objects: “reachable” but not used again
Managed Languages
[Gartner]

• Memory bugs
o Memory leaks
Managed Languages
[Gartner]
Leaks occur in practice in managed languages [Cork, JRockit,
JProbe, LeakBot, .NET Memory Profiler]

Other linux ToolsOther linux Tools
• strace / truss / ktrace let you know what system
calls a process is making
• Data Display Debugger (DDD) is good for
visualizing your program data
www.gnu.org/software/ddd
• gcov lets you see which parts of your code are
getting executed
• Profilers (gprof) to see where you are spending
“time” which can help with performance logic
bugs

Code beautifierCode beautifier
• Improve indentation of your source code for better
readability
• source code beautifier in UNIX/Cygwin
o Indent
o M-x indent-region in emacs
• Make sure the code beautifier
does not change how your code
works after beautification!

Avoiding bugs in the firstAvoiding bugs in the first
placeplace
• Coding style: use clear, consistent style and useful naming
standards.
• Document everything, from architecture and interface
specification documents to comments on code lines.
• Hold code reviews.
• Program defensively.
• Use/implement exception handling liberally; think
constantly about anomalous conditions.
• Be suspicious of cut/paste.
• Consider using an integrated development environment
(IDE) with dynamic syntax checking

Code reviewsCode reviews
• Primary programmer(s) for some piece of code
presents and explains that code, line by line.
• Audience of programmers experienced in language,
code’s general domain. Audience may also contain
designers, testers, customers and others less versed in
code but concerned with quality and consistency.
• Review is a dialogue: audience pushes presenters to
reevaluate and rationalize their implementation
decisions.
• Extremely useful: reviews often turn up outright errors,
inconsistencies, inefficiencies and unconsidered
exceptional conditions.
• Also useful in familiarizing a project team with a
member’s code.

Nasty ProblemsNasty Problems
• overwriting return address on the stack
• overwriting virtual function tables
• compiler bugs - rare but my students and I
have a talent for finding them
- try -O, -O2, -Os
• wrong version of a shared library gets loaded
- make the runtime linker be verbose

some fun (simple) bugssome fun (simple) bugs
o In java (or whatever):
public void foo(int p, int q) {
int x = p;
int y = p;
}
o In perl:
$foo = $cgi->param(‘foo’);
if (!$foo) {
webDie (“missing parameter foo!”);
}
o In C:
char *glue(char *left, char sep, char *right) {
char *buf = malloc(sizeof(char) *
(strlen(left) + 1 strlen(right)));
sprintf(buf, “%s%c%s”, left, sep, right);
return buf;
}

TricksTricks
• write a custom assert()
• stub routines on which to break
• dump to a file instead of standard out
• make rand() deterministic by controlling the seed
• fight memory corruption with tools that use
sentinels, etc. (and if no tools do it yourself)

The Future of DebuggingThe Future of Debugging
• better debuggers and programs to help you
visualize your programs state
• simple model checkers
• programs keep getting bigger, finding bugs is
going to get harder!
• Parallel/distributed debuggers as we move to more
parallel/distributed systems.

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PHP - Introduction to PHP Bugs - Debugging

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