Pipe

IPC - PIPE
UNIX SYSTEM
PROGRAMMING

Creating pipe
Pipe is a method of connecting standard output of
one process to the standard input of another.
Pipes provide one-way communication(half-
duplex).
Eg: ls | sort
The output of ls command (program) is passed as
input to sort command (program)

 When a process creates a pipe, the kernel sets up two
file descriptors for use by the pipe. One descriptor is
used to allow a path of input into the pipe (write),
while the other is used to obtain data from the pipe
(read).

Creating pipe
int pipe(int fd[2]);
We need to pass array of 2 integers to
pipe.
fd[0] will be filled with file descriptor for
reading.
fd[1] will be filled with file descriptor for
writing.
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
int fd [2] = {0,0};
pipe( fd);
printf(" %d ",fd[0]);
printf(" %d " , fd[1]);
}

Writing to and reading from pipe

Blocking Pipe
 If a process tries to read before something is written to the
pipe, the process is suspended until something is written.
main()
{
int pipefd [2] = {0,0};
pipe( pipefd);
char output[] = "hello worldn";
char input[20]= "SIKANDER";
read (pipefd[0], input, sizeof (input)) ;
write (pipefd[1], output, sizeof(output));
printf("Data Read from pipe = %s n" , input );
}

Broken Pipe
 Writing to a pipe where Read end is closed.

 Creating a pipe to communicate within the same
process is useless.
 Pipe are used to communicate between parent and
child process. Since a child process will inherit any
open file descriptors from the parent, we now have
the basis for multiprocess communication (between
parent and child).

Child Writes and Parent Reads
if(fork() == 0)
{
printf("CHILD WRITES n");
write(fd[1], “SIKANDER” , 9);
}
else {
char input[20]= “";
if( ( n = read ( fd[0] , input, sizeof (input) ) ) > 0 )
printf("Parent read the data %s n" , input);
}
Parent Writes and Child Reads
if(fork() == 0) {
char input[20]= "";
if( ( n = read ( fd[0] , input, sizeof (input) ) ) > 0 )
printf("Child read the data : %s n" , input);
exit(0);
}
else{
write(fd[1], “SIKANDER” , 9);
}

 Generally, one process writes the data to pipe and
other process reads data from pipe.
 In which direction do we desire data to travel? Does
the child process send information to the parent, or
vice-versa?
 The two processes mutually agree on this issue, and
proceed to ``close'' the end of the pipe that they are
not concerned with. For discussion purposes, let's
say the child performs some processing, and sends
information back through the pipe to the parent.

2-way communication
 Parent writes and child read
 Child writes and parent reads
Parent Child
Pipe p1
Pipe p2
0
1
2
P1- R 3 (X)
P1 - W 4
P2 – R 5
P2 – W 6 (X)
0
1
2
P1- R 3
P1 - W 4 (X)
P2 – R 5 (X)
P2 – W 6

#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
int p1[2] = {0,0}, p2[2];
pipe(p1); pipe(p2);
if(fork() == 0)
{
printf("CHILD PROCESS n");
close(p1[0]); close(p2[1]);
char cbuf[20] = " ";
write(p1[1], "HAI FROM CHILD" , 20);
read(p2[0] , cbuf , 20);
printf("child read %s n",cbuf);
}
else
{
printf("PARENT PROCESS n");
close(p1[1]); close(p2[0]);
char buffer[20];
buffer[read(p1[0] , buffer , 20)] = '0';
printf("parent read : %s n",buffer);
write(p2[1] ,”PARENT n", 20);
}
}

Implement command
 ls | wc int fd [2] = {0,0}, n;
pipe( fd) ;
if(fork() == 0)
{
close(fd[0]);
dup2(fd[1] , 1);
execlp("ls","ls",0);
}
else
{
close(fd[1]);
dup2(fd[0] , 0);
execlp("wc","wc",0);
}
1. Create a pipe.
2. Create a child process
Inside Child Process
1. Close read end of pipe
2. Redirect the stdout to fd[1]
3. Execute ls cmd using execlp
Inside Parent Process
1. Close write end of pipe
2. Redirect the stdin to fd[0]
3. Execute wc cmd using execlp

Implement command - Incomplete
 ls | wc
Ls -
l Ls – l | head -4
0
1
2
3(x)
4(x)
5(dup – 0)
6(x)
0
1
2
3(dup – 0)
4(x)
5(x)
6(dup – 1)
First Child Second Child parent

Implement command
 ls | head -4 | tail -1
Ls -
l Ls – l | head -4
0
1
2
3 (x)
4(dup – 1)
0
1
2
3(x)
4(x)
5(dup – 0)
6(x)
0
1
2
3(dup – 0)
4(x)
5(x)
6(dup – 1)
First Child Second Child parent

main()
{
int fd [2] = {0,0}, n;
pipe( fd);
if(fork() == 0)
{ //First Child
close(fd[0]);
dup2(fd[1] , 1);
execlp("ls","ls","-l",0);
}
else
{
int fd1[2] = {0};
pipe(fd1) ;
if(fork() == 0)
{
//Second Child
//Second Child
close(fd[1]);
close(fd1[0]);
dup2(fd[0] , 0);
dup2(fd1[1] , 1);
execlp("head","head","-4",0);
}
else{
//Parent
close(fd[0]); close(fd[1]);
close(fd1[1]);
dup2(fd1[0] , 0);
execlp("tail","tail","-1",0);
}
}
}

Names Pipes
 Unnamed Pipes – Cannot use open system call.
 named Pipes – Can use open system call. (Can open but
cannot create a file).
 Unnamed and named has 2 file descriptors (read end and
write end).
 Write from one end and read from other end.
 Named pipes also called FIFO
 Destructive reading.
 Persistency is different (File system persistency).
 Can communicate between related and unrelated
process.
 File name will be stored permanently, data is temporary

 Half duplex comm
 Pipe size is 4kb
 Blocking effect and broken pipe.

named Pipe
 Creating Named Pipe from Command Prompt
 Mknod filename p
 Mkfifo filename
 $mkfifo PIPE
 prw-rw-r-- 1 sik sik 0 Sep 11 15:13 PIPE
 Size of named pipe is always 0.
 Type of file is p.
 Cannot open file in vi editor / cat.

“
 Creating Named Pipe using function calls.
 int mkfifo(const char *path, mode_t mode);
 mkfifo(“PIPE“ , 0666);

Named Pipe : Same Process
main()
{
mkfifo("mypipe“, 0666);
if(fork() == 0)
{
int fd = open("mypipe",O_WRONLY);
printf("Child : Write mode : %d n",fd);
write(fd,"HELLO",5);
}
else
{
char buff[6] = "";
int fd = open("mypipe",O_RDONLY);
printf("Parent : Read mode : %d n",fd);
buff[read(fd , buff , 5)] = '0';
printf("Message read = %s " , buff);
}
}

 What is a pipe?
 How to create a unnamed pipe?
 What are the drawbacks of unnamed pipe?
 How to create a named pipe?
 Is the pipe created in parent, accessible in child process?
 If u create a child process, does the pipe get duplicated?

Pipe

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