![passage through the vertebrae into the spinal marrow. But the scene in that
remote corner of the earth recalled forcibly to my mind the spirited lines in
which the author of Childe Harold thus depicts one of like nature in the
midst of refined Europe:
“Foiled, bleeding, breathless, furious to the last,
Full in the centre stands the bull at bay
Mid wounds and clinging darts and lances brast,
And foes disabled in the brutal fray:
And now the matadors around him play,
Shake the red cloak, and poise the ready brand:
Once more through all he bursts his thundering way—
Vain rage! the mantle quits the conynge hand,
Wraps his fierce eye—’tis past—he sinks upon the sand!”
Those who had galloped off in search of the scattered herd finally
returned, bringing a large addition to the stock, and we were driving them to
the paradero, when our Leader’s horse, a fiery charger of the Goagiro
breed,[35] little accustomed to the broken ground of the pampas, lost his
footing and fell with him while endeavoring to clear an extensive terronero.
Fortunately his rider received no injury; but loosing hold of the bridle in his
fall, the horse was soon careering over the plain, and would inevitably have
made good his escape, had not some vaqueros hunting in that direction
encountered and captured him after a long race. Accidents of the kind are
very common in the Llanos, and often in consequence many persons are
killed or otherwise injured. The least evil to which the ousted rider may be
subjected, is that of being left alone, perhaps with a dislocated limb, on an
extensive plain, where the unfortunate may perish from hunger or exposure
before assistance chances to reach him. Our friend B., who once found
himself similarly circumstanced, related to us on this occasion the
adventure, which he swore by all the saints in the calendar had actually
occurred to him. Notwithstanding such exalted referees, a few grains of
doubt still disturbed our belief.
“He was once,” he said, “engaged in hunting with a party of vaqueros on
the extensive savannas of Merecure, which form the great cajon or pampa
between the rivers Cunaviche and Arauca. Having started in the morning
with a full complement of men, there was no difficulty in forming the
rodeo; but, as in our own case, all their manœuvres proved ineffectual in](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3023-250619064822-871b6f61/85/PostgreSQL-9-Administration-Cookbook-Second-Edition-Simon-Riggs-34-320.jpg)
![that some wild beast had broken into the chiquero,[36] and carried off the
old sow, about giving birth to a litter; next day the boar was missing, and so
on until the chiquero was entirely relieved of all the inmates. Fearing for
our own lives and the safety of our steeds, the majordomo made
arrangements for a grand hunt, for the purpose of exterminating, if possible,
the whole of these marauders. Our master, who was at that time in the
village, was notified of the plan, as were also all those who might wish to
improve this opportunity for the display of personal prowess.
“The following day we had the satisfaction of seeing our master arrive at
the farm, accompanied by the Padre and a long retinue of assistants, all of
them zambos of undoubted courage and most accomplished matadors. The
Padre, a fat little gentleman not yet past the prime of life, came more as a
curioso[37] than, as many supposed, to exorcise the demons of the jungle.
Although he had the reputation of being a very holy father, he did not
disdain at times to lay aside the cassock and join his parishioners in the
manly sport of the Llanos.
“We mustered about forty in all, which, together with a dozen or more
tiger-dogs, were considered quite sufficient for our purpose. Some of the
men carried lances cut to within six feet of the steel head, so that the long
shaft might not interfere with their movements in the jungle; whilst others,
trusting more to their own agility and skill, were simply armed with their
swords and a saleo[38] to cover their movements. I, who was neither a
matador nor a great horseman at the time, was intrusted with the hazardous
post of leading the dogs into the cover, and therefore was more exposed
than any of the rest to the anger of the tiger.
“We were not long in tracking the pintado to a neighboring mata by the
fresh prints of his paw in the soft mud and by a number of turkey-buzzards
hovering above the carcass in the woods.
“On arriving at the place supposed to harbor the beast, all those of our
men who had lazos were stationed at convenient distances around the wood,
while I was ordered to lead the dogs into the jungle after the concealed
enemy. This I accomplished with due precautions, aware, as you all know,
that the pintado has the peculiarity of concealing himself where not even a
fox could hide itself without being discovered. Presently I perceived a very
strong smell—not unlike that arising from a leather vat—which filled the
air in whatever direction the dogs led me, and soon after a tremendous](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3023-250619064822-871b6f61/85/PostgreSQL-9-Administration-Cookbook-Second-Edition-Simon-Riggs-38-320.jpg)
![howling from these worthies apprised me in whose company they had thrust
me. Simultaneously with the howling of the dogs, I heard first a hoarse
growling, not unlike a concert of araguatos just before the rain, and,
judging from the increased barking of the hounds, I concluded that the
enemy was in full retreat, when I thought my time had come to show him
my mettle. But lo! scarcely had I advanced many paces, when, Ave Maria,
Señores! the tiger gave such a fearful roar as to shake the ground and the
trees upon it. I do not know what became of the dogs or the tiger at the
moment; for my part, all I can say is, that, without being aware of it, I found
myself again alongside of my companions, and, what was worse, in the
presence of the majordomo, who, by way of warning, discharged upon my
ribs sundry blows with his chaparro. It is needless to add, that after this I
considered myself ten times better off amidst my hounds, whom I had every
reason to expect would keep away the beast from me, I mean, of course, the
tiger. Upon my word, camaradas, and with all due respect to mi
Comandante Rávago, here present, I assure you that, of all savage creatures,
there is none so terrible as an angry majordomo.”
“Thou didst find it so,” retorted the weather-beaten overseer, “when,
amidst a shower of bullets from the Spaniards, I dragged thee out like a
lame duck from the plaza at La Cruz; but proceed, my old buzzard, and tell
us what effect did the well-deserved thrashing produce on thy sooty hide.”
“Guided by the barking of the dogs, I again entered the wood with
renewed determination, for this time, at least, I was well provided with a
lance, which some humane companion placed in my hands, besides a saleo
which I picked up on my way thither. Thus armed and prepared for the
encounter, I fancied myself this time another Marcelino, slaying everything
around me; but how I acquitted myself afterwards the sequel of my
narrative will show you.
“Well, Señores, I found Tio Tigre[39] at the foot of a large algarroba-tree,
surrounded by my dogs, whose movements he watched all the time with an
evil eye. To all appearances none of the contending parties had yet come to
any decisive move, although the hounds kept very closely on him. Cat-like,
seated on his haunches and playfully moving his tail from side to side, he
awaited the attack of the barking troop with becoming composure, never
betraying the least symptom of alarm, nor even deigning to stir a foot
beyond his post to silence them. At times he even appeared to disregard](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3023-250619064822-871b6f61/85/PostgreSQL-9-Administration-Cookbook-Second-Edition-Simon-Riggs-39-320.jpg)
![that all those who carried lances should enter the wood on foot in order to
attack the tigress in a body, should she refuse to come out to open ground. I,
of course, was too faint with loss of blood to be able to follow up the trail
this time; therefore the dogs had been placed under the guidance of some
one else, and shortly after I had the satisfaction of hearing the bark of my
chaps resounding through the woods, which was a sure sign they had
brought the game to a stand. I was expecting every moment to hear the glad
tidings of the destruction of this female marauder, when, instead of the
usual cry of victory, I heard a tremendous rush and cracking of sticks, as if a
herd of wild hogs were endeavoring to escape. Judge of my disappointment
when I beheld the whole troop of men and dogs hurrying out of the wood;
and at the head of the fugitives no less a personage than his Reverence the
Padre, hotly chased by the enraged tigress, who, having witnessed the
slaughter in cold blood of one of her darlings, could not restrain her fury
any longer, charging headlong into the midst of the group. In spite of his
category, she would in all probability have made short work of Su Señoria,
had not the Padre conceived the good idea of dropping his broad-brim
behind him, which fortunately was carried away by a strong gust of wind,
thus exciting the enraged beast to a pursuit. The tigress, after sporting with
the hat like a bird after a butterfly, finding that it was mere chaff, tore it in
pieces, and again turned her attention towards the reverend fugitive. In the
meantime the Padre had not been very slow in reaching his horse, which
was tied at the foot of a caujaro-tree a short distance from the wood.
Unfortunately, just as he was in the act of laying hands upon the bridle of
his steed, the tigress issued from amongst the high grass, and again charged
him. At sight of the dreaded beast, the horse, giving a toss to the halter in
the air, broke loose and scampered off, leaving his master to the tender
mercies of the tigress.
“Swifter than a monkey, and in spite of his ponderous stomach, the
Padre went up the slender tree, which bent like a reed at every effort he
made to reach the branches, threatening to drop him between the open jaws
of the tigress, which by this time had reached the foot of the tree. Here,
again, his patron saint, as it is alleged, saved him once more from the
impending danger. The truth, in my opinion, is that the tree was not stout
enough for the tigress to embrace it firmly to climb up, otherwise all the
good saints in heaven would not have prevented her from tearing him down
like a frightened araguato.[40] His Reverence might have remained there](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3023-250619064822-871b6f61/85/PostgreSQL-9-Administration-Cookbook-Second-Edition-Simon-Riggs-42-320.jpg)
![until the day of judgment, as the tigress had already crouched beneath the
tree, and he had no means at hand for driving her off, not even through the
power of excommunication, but for the timely arrival of two enlazadores,
[41] who, observing a horse scampering over the plain without a rider, were
attracted to the spot; these, unfolding their lazos, threw them at the beast
with such precision as to entangle the animal at one and the same moment;
she was thus prevented from doing injury to either the Padre or themselves;
for, every time she endeavored to spring on the one, the other tighted his
lazo to check her movement. Furious with rage and foaming at the mouth,
the tigress endeavored to bite the lazos through and through; but finding the
hide from which the thong was twisted rather too tough even for her
powerful tusks, she rolled over the grass in trepidation and dismay at
finding herself so unexpectedly in the power of her captors.
“It was a glorious sight to behold the savage creature thus struggling
with the slender lazos that bound her to the ground. Crippled as I was from
the effects of my first encounter with the tiger, I had sufficient strength to
reach the scene of action in time to take part in the death of his wife also;
but ere I dealt the first blow at her, I felt my arm suddenly arrested by the
Padre, who contended that the honor of putting an end to her accursed
existence belonged to him exclusively as being the aggrieved party on this
occasion. I therefore willingly surrendered my lance to him, he having lost
his own spear in the hurry of the moment; and then he set to work cutting
her up with all the nicety of us folks, as if he had long been trained in the art
of wielding a lance. Nevertheless, the tigress would not allow herself to be
so easily conquered; at every stroke from the Padre’s lance, she seized the
pole with teeth and claws so firmly that we found it difficult to wrench it
from her grasp, and it was not until she had been literally cut to pieces that
she gave up the ghost—to the devil, I hope.
“It was late in the afternoon when we finished our hunt, and turned our
horses’ heads in the direction of the farm-house. We should, no doubt, have
succeeded in killing as many more of these ferocious beasts, but for the
early mishap to myself and the good zambo Paulino, in consequence of
which we both had to be carried—or, rather, we carried ourselves as well as
we could—to the pueblo, in order to have our wounds properly dressed. On
our arrival at the house, we found our mistress—who had already been
acquainted with the facts by my master—awaiting us at the gate of the
inclosure, and apparently very much excited with the news; for no sooner](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3023-250619064822-871b6f61/85/PostgreSQL-9-Administration-Cookbook-Second-Edition-Simon-Riggs-43-320.jpg)
PostgreSQL 9 Administration Cookbook - Second Edition Simon Riggs
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- 5. PostgreSQL 9 Administration Cookbook Second Edition
- 6. Table of Contents PostgreSQL 9 Administration Cookbook Second Edition Credits About the Authors About the Reviewers www.PacktPub.com Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more Why Subscribe? Free Access for Packt account holders Preface What this book covers What you need for this book Who this book is for Sections Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Conventions Reader feedback Customer support Downloading the example code Errata Piracy Questions 1. First Steps Introduction Introducing PostgreSQL 9 What makes PostgreSQL different? Robustness Security Ease of use
- 7. Extensibility Performance and concurrency Scalability SQL and NoSQL Popularity Commercial support Research and development funding Getting PostgreSQL How to do it… How it works… There's more… Connecting to the PostgreSQL server Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Enabling access for network/remote users How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Using graphical administration tools How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Using the psql query and scripting tool Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Changing your password securely How to do it… How it works…
- 8. Avoiding hardcoding your password Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Using a connection service file How to do it… How it works… Troubleshooting a failed connection How to do it… There's more… 2. Exploring the Database Introduction What version is the server? How to do it… How it works… There's more… What is the server uptime? How to do it… How it works… See also Locating the database server files Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Locating the database server's message log Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Locating the database's system identifier Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Listing databases on this database server
- 9. How to do it… How it works… There's more… How many tables in a database? How to do it… How it works… There's more… How much disk space does a database use? How to do it… How it works… How much disk space does a table use? How to do it… How it works… There's more… Which are my biggest tables? How to do it… How it works… How many rows in a table? How to do it… How it works… Quickly estimating the number of rows in a table How to do it… How it works… There's more… Function 1 – estimating the number of rows Function 2 – computing the size of a table without locks Listing extensions in this database Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Understanding object dependencies Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more…
- 10. 3. Configuration Introduction Reading The Fine Manual (RTFM) How to do it… How it works… There's more… Planning a new database Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Changing parameters in your programs How to do it… How it works… There's more… Finding the current configuration settings How to do it… There's more… How it works… Which parameters are at nondefault settings? How to do it… How it works… There's more… Updating the parameter file Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Setting parameters for particular groups of users How to do it… How it works… The basic server configuration checklist Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Adding an external module to PostgreSQL
- 11. Getting ready How to do it… Installing modules using a software installer Installing modules from PGXN Installing modules from a manually downloaded package Installing modules from source code How it works… Using an installed module Getting ready How to do it… Using the extension infrastructure Without the extension infrastructure How it works… There's more… Managing installed extensions Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… 4. Server Control Introduction Starting the database server manually Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Stopping the server safely and quickly How to do it… How it works… See also Stopping the server in an emergency How to do it… How it works… Reloading the server configuration files How to do it… How it works… There's more…
- 12. Restarting the server quickly How to do it… There's more… Preventing new connections How to do it… How it works… Restricting users to only one session each How to do it… How it works… Pushing users off the system How to do it… How it works… Deciding on a design for multitenancy How to do it… How it works… Using multiple schemas Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Giving users their own private database Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Running multiple servers on one system Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Setting up a connection pool Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Accessing multiple servers using the same host and port Getting ready
- 13. How to do it… There's more… 5. Tables and Data Introduction Choosing good names for database objects Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Handling objects with quoted names Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Enforcing the same name and definition for columns Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Identifying and removing duplicates Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Preventing duplicate rows Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Duplicate indexes Uniqueness without indexes Real-world example – IP address range allocation Real-world example – range of time Real-world example – prefix ranges Finding a unique key for a set of data Getting ready How to do it…
- 14. How it works… Generating test data How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Randomly sampling data How to do it… How it works… Loading data from a spreadsheet Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Loading data from flat files Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… 6. Security Introduction Typical user role The PostgreSQL superuser How to do it… How it works… There's more… Other superuser-like attributes Attributes are never inherited See also Revoking user access to a table Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Database creation scripts Default search path
- 15. Securing views Granting user access to a table Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Access to the schema Granting access to a table through a group role Granting access to all objects in a schema Creating a new user Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Temporarily preventing a user from connecting Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Limiting the number of concurrent connections by a user Forcing NOLOGIN users to disconnect Removing a user without dropping their data Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Checking whether all users have a secure password How to do it… How it works… Giving limited superuser powers to specific users Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Writing a debugging_info function for developers Auditing DDL changes Getting ready
- 16. How to do it… How it works… There's more… Was the change committed? Who made the change? Can I find this information from the database? You may still miss some DDL… Auditing data changes Getting ready How to do it… Collecting data changes from the server log Collecting changes using triggers Using a single audit trigger to collect changes from multiple tables Collecting changes using triggers and saving them in another database using dblink or plproxy Always knowing which user is logged in Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Not inheriting the user attributes Integrating with LDAP Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Setting up the client to use LDAP Replacement for the User Name Map feature See also Connecting using SSL Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Getting the SSL key and certificate
- 17. Setting up a client to use SSL Checking server authenticity Using SSL certificates to authenticate the client Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Avoiding duplicate SSL connection attempts Using multiple client certificates Using the client certificate to select the database user See also Mapping external usernames to database roles Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Encrypting sensitive data Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… For really sensitive data For really, really, really sensitive data! See also 7. Database Administration Introduction Writing a script that either succeeds entirely or fails entirely How to do it… How it works… There's more… Writing a psql script that exits on the first error Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Performing actions on many tables
- 18. Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Using pg_batch to run tasks in parallel Adding/removing columns on a table How to do it… How it works… There's more… Changing the data type of a column Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Changing the definition of a data type Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Adding/removing schemas How to do it… There's more… Using schema-level privileges Moving objects between schemas How to do it… How it works… There's more… Adding/removing tablespaces Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Putting pg_xlog on a separate device Tablespace-level tuning Moving objects between tablespaces Getting ready
- 19. How to do it… How it works… There's more… Accessing objects in other PostgreSQL databases Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… There's more… Accessing objects in other foreign databases Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Updatable views Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Using materialized views Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… 8. Monitoring and Diagnosis Introduction Providing PostgreSQL information to monitoring tools Finding more information about generic monitoring tools Real-time viewing using pgAdmin Checking whether a user is connected Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… What if I want to know whether that computer is connected? What if I want to repeatedly execute a query in psql?
- 20. Checking which queries are running Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Catching queries which only run for a few milliseconds Watching the longest queries Watching queries from ps See also Checking which queries are active or blocked Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… No need for the = true part This catches only queries waiting on locks Knowing who is blocking a query Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Killing a specific session How to do it… How it works… There's more… Trying to cancel the query first What if the backend won't terminate? Using statement timeout to clean up queries that take too long to run Killing Idle in transaction queries Killing the backend from the command line Detecting an in-doubt prepared transaction How to do it… Knowing whether anybody is using a specific table Getting ready How to do it… How it works…
- 21. There's more… The quick and dirty way Collecting daily usage statistics Knowing when a table was last used Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Usage of disk space by temporary data Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Finding out whether a temporary file is in use any more Logging temporary file usage Understanding why queries slow down Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Do the queries return significantly more data than they did earlier? Do the queries also run slowly when they are run alone? Is the second run of the same query also slow? Table and index bloat See also Investigating and reporting a bug Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Producing a daily summary of log file errors Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also
- 22. Analyzing the real-time performance of your queries Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… 9. Regular Maintenance Introduction Controlling automatic database maintenance Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Avoiding auto-freezing and page corruptions Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Avoiding transaction wraparound Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Removing old prepared transactions Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Actions for heavy users of temporary tables How to do it… How it works… Identifying and fixing bloated tables and indexes How to do it… How it works… There's more… Maintaining indexes
- 23. Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Adding a constraint without checking existing rows Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Finding unused indexes How to do it… How it works… Carefully removing unwanted indexes How to do it… How it works… Planning maintenance How to do it… How it works… 10. Performance and Concurrency Introduction Finding slow SQL statements Getting ready How to do it… See also Collecting regular statistics from pg_stat* views Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Another statistics collection package Finding out what makes SQL slow How to do it… There's more… The query returns too much data Locking problems
- 24. Not enough CPU power or disk I/O capacity for the current load EXPLAIN options See also Reducing the number of rows returned How to do it… There's more… Simplifying complex SQL queries Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Using materialized views (long-living, temporary tables) Using set-returning functions for some parts of queries Speeding up queries without rewriting them How to do it… There's more… In case of many updates, set fillfactor on the table Rewriting the schema – a more radical approach Why a query is not using an index How to do it… Forcing a query to use an index Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Using optimistic locking How to do it… How it works… There's more… Reporting performance problems How to do it… There's more… 11. Backup and Recovery Introduction Understanding and controlling crash recovery How to do it… How it works…
- 25. There's more… Planning backups How to do it… Hot logical backup of one database How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Hot logical backup of all databases How to do it… How it works… See also Hot logical backup of all tables in a tablespace How to do it… How it works… Backup of database object definitions How to do it… There's more… Standalone hot physical database backup How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Hot physical backup and continuous archiving Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Recovery of all databases Getting ready How to do it… Logical – from the custom dump taken with pg_dump -F c Logical – from the script dump created by pg_dump –F p Logical – from the script dump created by pg_dumpall Physical How it works… There's more…
- 26. See also Recovery to a point in time Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Recovery of a dropped/damaged table How to do it… Logical – from the custom dump taken with pg_dump -F c Logical – from the script dump Physical How it works… See also Recovery of a dropped/damaged tablespace How to do it… Logical – from the custom dump taken with pg_dump -F c Logical – from the script dump Physical There's more… Recovery of a dropped/damaged database How to do it... Logical – from the custom dump -F c Logical – from the script dump created by pg_dump Logical – from the script dump created by pg_dumpall Physical Improving performance of backup/recovery Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Incremental/differential backup and restore How to do it… How it works… There's more…
- 27. Hot physical backups with Barman Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Recovery with Barman Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… 12. Replication and Upgrades Introduction Replication concepts Topics Basic concepts History and scope Practical aspects Data loss Single-master replication Multinode architectures Clustered or massively parallel databases Multimaster replication Scalability tools Other approaches to replication Replication best practices How to do it… There's more… Setting up file-based replication – deprecated Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Setting up streaming replication Getting ready How to do it…
- 28. How it works… There's more… Setting up streaming replication security Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Hot Standby and read scalability Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Managing streaming replication Getting ready How to do it… There's more… See also Using repmgr Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Using Replication Slots Getting ready How to do it… There's more… See also Monitoring replication Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Performance and Synchronous Replication Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Delaying, pausing, and synchronizing replication
- 29. Getting ready How to do it… There's more… Logical Replication Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… See also Bi-Directional Replication Getting ready How to do it… How it works… There's more… Archiving transaction log data Getting ready How to do it… There's more… See also Upgrading – minor releases Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Major upgrades in-place Getting ready How to do it… How it works… Major upgrades online How to do it… How it works… Index
- 30. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 31. he at once determined to fill at Mr. Crocodile’s expense; thereupon drawing his knife, he without the least compunction made a meal from the tenderest morsels within reach. And so eating, drinking, sleeping and tuning his diminutive guitar to the cheering strains of some lively ballad of the Llanos, he remained for days, he knew not how many, an uncomplaining prisoner within those slimy walls. At length, while mournfully draining the last remaining drop within his faithful gourd, his dungeon walls were suddenly made visible to him by a faint ray of light which penetrated his very soul with the desire once more to behold its source. Snatching at the dear companions of his imprisonment, without another moment’s delay he rushed for the opening that admitted the life-giving ray, and discovered to his delighted surprise that his jailer, having deserted the water for a siesta upon the sands—which he recollected was the occasional habit of these monsters—had left wide-open his prison doors. These he lost no time in passing, seizing with firm hand as he flew, his chinchorro, still suspended from the crocodile’s tusks he had so almost fatally mistaken for the ribs of an old canoe.
- 32. CHAPTER XXI. T H E C I M A R R O N E R A . We had been apprised that between a great bend of the river Matiyure— forming the southern boundary of our savannas—and an extensive flat overgrown with thorny bushes, there existed what the Llaneros call a cimarronera, or great hiding place for cattle, which, owing to the impenetrable nature of the jungle, had from time immemorial baffled the efforts of every majordomo who had hunted these savannas. Further we had ascertained that the cattle were there as numerous as a colony of ants; but so savage and shy, as to never venture from their wild sanctuary. Thither our efforts were to be directed, not only on account of the good harvest in store, but also for the purpose of breaking up, if possible, that den of runaways which, if left unmolested, might in time become a serious obstacle in the way of reducing those wild herds to at least a partial submission. The corrals, which I trust the patient reader has not forgotten we were in process of building, being now ready, we commenced preparations for a descent upon the fierce hordes of that neglected section. Messengers were therefore despatched to the people of Caucagua, an adjacent cattle farm, apprising them of our intention, and with the dawn of day more than an hundred hunters were assembled on the spot. Among them were some of the best enlazadores that the country could produce, all of whom, like the valiant Pentapolin—chosen model of the hero of La Mancha—had his right arm bared to the shoulder that the wide sleeve of the Llanero shirt might not interfere with the management of the lazo. As soon as the sun was high enough to light us through the bushes, a detachment of hunters penetrated the bristling maze of thorny acacias, and succeeded in driving out into the open savannas so large a herd of cattle that it soon swelled to a considerable rodeo. No sooner, however, did they discover the presence of the hunters, than becoming frantic they rushed from side to side like a band of furies, and, heedless of the shouts and goads of the horsemen, broke at length through the ring of even these experienced hunters, scattering again in all directions. In vain did the fearless pursuers
- 33. throw themselves between the wild mass and the jungle; so rapid and entire was the dispersion that the plain which but now swarmed with the driven, bellowing, maddened creatures, was cleared as if by magic, leaving the disappointed hunters in sole possession. Only here and there a faint cloud of dust in the distance betrayed the course that some of the fugitives had taken. The men, enraged at this unexpected discomfiture, could not be restrained from again entering the tangled labyrinth and dragging thence by sheer force a number of the refractory brutes. After deliberation, it was decided that several of the hunters should scour the plain in search of the runaways, while the larger number rushed again fearlessly into the jungle. These at last succeeded in securing several fierce bulls, each of which was treated secundum artem, depriving them of the chance of doing much mischief in future; for no sooner were they down, than the knife and the saw were busy with their horns, ears, &c. But the business was not accomplished without the usual average of casualties in these contests, and on that occasion one of our best hands was greatly imperilled. A ferocious bull was undergoing the usual precautionary, though severe measures, for his subjugation, when one of the men standing near, accidentally became entangled in the coils of the lazo at a moment when the bull, infuriated, escaped from those who held him. The poor fellow, although thrown violently to the ground and severely stunned, almost miraculously escaped further injury. The daring Sarmiento, one of those who witnessed the transaction, enraged at sight of his helpless companion, sprang from his horse, seized the sheep-skin which covered the saddle, and holding it before himself, fearlessly advanced sword in hand to meet the bull, which, not comprehending the challenge, stood panting and trembling with rage before his bold adversary. The matador perceiving this, approached him more closely and shook the sheep-skin in the animal’s face; then, firm as a rock, he stood and dauntlessly awaited the coming struggle; it was enough; with head lowered to the ground, and lashing himself furiously with his powerful tail, the bull rushed upon his antagonist with a terrific roar, causing every heart to tremble for the safety of the bold matador. Then we heard a heavy fall, a deep groan; we saw only a cloud of dust that concealed the scene; but we knew the Llanero had conquered. Triumphant shouts of approbation filled the air, whilst I knew not whether most to applaud the fearless grace with which the man had stood his ground before this, the most powerful of all infuriate creatures, or the dexterous celerity that had found, and with one fatal blow penetrated, the narrow
- 34. passage through the vertebrae into the spinal marrow. But the scene in that remote corner of the earth recalled forcibly to my mind the spirited lines in which the author of Childe Harold thus depicts one of like nature in the midst of refined Europe: “Foiled, bleeding, breathless, furious to the last, Full in the centre stands the bull at bay Mid wounds and clinging darts and lances brast, And foes disabled in the brutal fray: And now the matadors around him play, Shake the red cloak, and poise the ready brand: Once more through all he bursts his thundering way— Vain rage! the mantle quits the conynge hand, Wraps his fierce eye—’tis past—he sinks upon the sand!” Those who had galloped off in search of the scattered herd finally returned, bringing a large addition to the stock, and we were driving them to the paradero, when our Leader’s horse, a fiery charger of the Goagiro breed,[35] little accustomed to the broken ground of the pampas, lost his footing and fell with him while endeavoring to clear an extensive terronero. Fortunately his rider received no injury; but loosing hold of the bridle in his fall, the horse was soon careering over the plain, and would inevitably have made good his escape, had not some vaqueros hunting in that direction encountered and captured him after a long race. Accidents of the kind are very common in the Llanos, and often in consequence many persons are killed or otherwise injured. The least evil to which the ousted rider may be subjected, is that of being left alone, perhaps with a dislocated limb, on an extensive plain, where the unfortunate may perish from hunger or exposure before assistance chances to reach him. Our friend B., who once found himself similarly circumstanced, related to us on this occasion the adventure, which he swore by all the saints in the calendar had actually occurred to him. Notwithstanding such exalted referees, a few grains of doubt still disturbed our belief. “He was once,” he said, “engaged in hunting with a party of vaqueros on the extensive savannas of Merecure, which form the great cajon or pampa between the rivers Cunaviche and Arauca. Having started in the morning with a full complement of men, there was no difficulty in forming the rodeo; but, as in our own case, all their manœuvres proved ineffectual in
- 35. keeping together so great a number of untamed brutes, which finally broke through the ranks as easily as might a herd of wild hogs through a field of reeds, and vanished in the distance. So great was the cloud of dust they raised, that when it cleared, B., whose horse during the confusion had stumbled in the hole of a prairie-owl, thrown, and then deserted him, found himself solus in the midst of the wide pampa, and so bewildered and confused by the general stampede, that he was totally unable to discover the least clew by which to guide his steps over those trackless wilds. Overcome with the fatigue of his useless search, he threw himself upon the ground, finally quite disheartened by the recollection that he had no lazo by which he would have been enabled at any time to secure sufficient animal food for his subsistence. Two whole days he thus passed hopelessly wandering and in search of food, when, upon the third, kind Providence, compassionating his sufferings, placed in his way a fat calf, which he succeeded in capturing after a short chase. Having slaughtered it, he roasted the whole at once lest it might spoil, then ravenously devoured the welcome repast. This supply lasted several days, when again finding himself minus food, he determined to put in practice a stratagem that he had devised whereby to secure for himself in future an unfailing supply of wholesome nourishment. He had observed the mother of the calf, apparently in search of her offspring, lingering in the neighborhood, moaning and bellowing in a most piteous manner. Availing himself of the first eligible opportunity, he approached her on all fours, entirely covered with the skin of her own calf, and forthwith commenced drawing sustenance from the maternal fount; this he accomplished with so much natural ease and grace, that the tender mother, after a few incredulous sniffs, felt convinced at last of his being a perfect calf, and accepting him for her own, bestowed upon him a good licking. Thus graciously encouraged, and each day more delighted with the unrestrained freedom of his new life, time rolled on and a year elapsed without his ever regretting the loss of home or friends; while so powerful was the effect of this novel mode of existence upon his person, that it had materially altered his whole appearance, and as the calf skin seemed to have actually adhered to his own, so he found himself rapidly assimilating, as well in tastes as habits, to that interesting quadruped.” About this period the majordomo undertook another hunt on these plains, where he quickly succeeded in collecting a large number of cattle; but although they were all, as usual, extremely difficult to manage, still
- 36. there was one of the number, a young bull with a fine pair of horns twelve inches long, more refractory and troublesome than any of the others, which fact—as B. was the bull—was owing probably to his educated instincts, they enabling him to devise a variety of expedients for the discomfiture of his pursuers. However he was at length obliged to yield to superior numbers, and the unerring lazo finally brought him struggling to the ground, when in an instant one of his captors, an athletic sambo, had drawn his knife and commenced sharpening it upon the horns of this novel minotaurus, preparatory to performing upon him the usual necessary operations. But what language can do justice to the astonishment of all beholders, when the apparent bull, casting aside his hairy disguise, sprang erect from the ground, exclaiming as he did so: “Stop, amigos! can you have forgotten your old comrade B., who was lost a year ago in this cimarronera?” So perilous an adventure having convinced him of the risks attending a savage life, his companions had no difficulty in persuading him to return home with them, and thereafter found him of immense assistance in their expeditions, as, being perfectly familiar with the haunts and habits of the cattle in that cover, he could lead the vaqueros, when required, with the sagacity of a pointer. This story, which B. related with the most admirable ingenuousness of manner, recalled to his recollection a wonderful discovery upon which he had chanced, while journeying on a pressing errand to Arauca. He had been riding hard all day across the plains, until at length, overtaken by night, he was constrained to encamp on the spot. Grass and water for his horse—a fine trotter—being abundant and at hand, he took no precaution to prevent his straying, other than that of fastening the animal’s feet on the right side with a manea, a strap with looped nooses at both ends. In spite of this the horse wandered from him during the night, a mishap which compelled poor B. to finish the remainder of the journey on foot, besides being obliged to carry the ponderous saddle upon his head. Having accomplished his errand at Arauca, and after an absence of several weeks, he was returning home by another route, riding a hired animal, when to his great joy, on the way he found his steed in fine condition, and his feet still secured by the strap. The horse he was riding being already tired, he removed the saddle to the back of his own steed, and
- 37. immediately mounted him. But to his overpowering astonishment, he discovered, on resuming the journey, that the gait of his horse had undergone an extraordinary change, trotting as formerly on the side that had remained free from the strap, but ambling on the one which had been so long confined by it. His wife possessing an ambler, he sold it immediately he reached home, it being thereafter a useless expense, as, whenever in the future he and his better half wished to ride at the same time, all that he had to do was to place her on the ambling side, and then seating himself on the other they trotted and ambled away to their hearts’ content. The nights were thus pleasantly spent, after the fatigues of the day, most of our men having always some incident or story to relate in connection with their own experience. One evening, Gaspar, the lame negro who followed our camp in the humble capacity of washerman, recounted to a circle of admiring listeners a thrilling adventure which took place on this very spot, and in which he took a very conspicuous part. He had been a slave to the wealthy Manuel Blanco, who owned at that time nearly all these savannas, and possessed in consequence untold wealth in cattle and horses. In that capacity Gaspar was often compelled to attend the great hunts undertaken by his master against any tigre cebado that might have committed depredations in the land. THE JAGUAR HUNT. “It was during the month of August,” said Gaspar, “when the savannas are at the height of inundation, that the circumstances I am about to relate occurred at this farm of Matiyure. At such times the tigers, finding the low lands rather too damp for their delicate feet, seek refuge among the matas, or in the immediate vicinity of the farm-house, coming out at night to procure a good supper for themselves and cubs from amongst the herds congregated on the bancos, and not unfrequently it happens they carry their depredations to the very gates of the majada. “We had heard for several nights in succession what, in the opinion of our people, was only the bellowing of padrotes assembling their herds, but which the more sagacious hounds recognized at once as the roar of their old acquaintance, the tiger, invariably answering each time with a prolonged and dismal howl. It was easy to perceive, from the prints left in the mud, that there were several of these animals, perhaps a mother and her cubs. One fine morning the boys who tended the calves apprised the majordomo
- 38. that some wild beast had broken into the chiquero,[36] and carried off the old sow, about giving birth to a litter; next day the boar was missing, and so on until the chiquero was entirely relieved of all the inmates. Fearing for our own lives and the safety of our steeds, the majordomo made arrangements for a grand hunt, for the purpose of exterminating, if possible, the whole of these marauders. Our master, who was at that time in the village, was notified of the plan, as were also all those who might wish to improve this opportunity for the display of personal prowess. “The following day we had the satisfaction of seeing our master arrive at the farm, accompanied by the Padre and a long retinue of assistants, all of them zambos of undoubted courage and most accomplished matadors. The Padre, a fat little gentleman not yet past the prime of life, came more as a curioso[37] than, as many supposed, to exorcise the demons of the jungle. Although he had the reputation of being a very holy father, he did not disdain at times to lay aside the cassock and join his parishioners in the manly sport of the Llanos. “We mustered about forty in all, which, together with a dozen or more tiger-dogs, were considered quite sufficient for our purpose. Some of the men carried lances cut to within six feet of the steel head, so that the long shaft might not interfere with their movements in the jungle; whilst others, trusting more to their own agility and skill, were simply armed with their swords and a saleo[38] to cover their movements. I, who was neither a matador nor a great horseman at the time, was intrusted with the hazardous post of leading the dogs into the cover, and therefore was more exposed than any of the rest to the anger of the tiger. “We were not long in tracking the pintado to a neighboring mata by the fresh prints of his paw in the soft mud and by a number of turkey-buzzards hovering above the carcass in the woods. “On arriving at the place supposed to harbor the beast, all those of our men who had lazos were stationed at convenient distances around the wood, while I was ordered to lead the dogs into the jungle after the concealed enemy. This I accomplished with due precautions, aware, as you all know, that the pintado has the peculiarity of concealing himself where not even a fox could hide itself without being discovered. Presently I perceived a very strong smell—not unlike that arising from a leather vat—which filled the air in whatever direction the dogs led me, and soon after a tremendous
- 39. howling from these worthies apprised me in whose company they had thrust me. Simultaneously with the howling of the dogs, I heard first a hoarse growling, not unlike a concert of araguatos just before the rain, and, judging from the increased barking of the hounds, I concluded that the enemy was in full retreat, when I thought my time had come to show him my mettle. But lo! scarcely had I advanced many paces, when, Ave Maria, Señores! the tiger gave such a fearful roar as to shake the ground and the trees upon it. I do not know what became of the dogs or the tiger at the moment; for my part, all I can say is, that, without being aware of it, I found myself again alongside of my companions, and, what was worse, in the presence of the majordomo, who, by way of warning, discharged upon my ribs sundry blows with his chaparro. It is needless to add, that after this I considered myself ten times better off amidst my hounds, whom I had every reason to expect would keep away the beast from me, I mean, of course, the tiger. Upon my word, camaradas, and with all due respect to mi Comandante Rávago, here present, I assure you that, of all savage creatures, there is none so terrible as an angry majordomo.” “Thou didst find it so,” retorted the weather-beaten overseer, “when, amidst a shower of bullets from the Spaniards, I dragged thee out like a lame duck from the plaza at La Cruz; but proceed, my old buzzard, and tell us what effect did the well-deserved thrashing produce on thy sooty hide.” “Guided by the barking of the dogs, I again entered the wood with renewed determination, for this time, at least, I was well provided with a lance, which some humane companion placed in my hands, besides a saleo which I picked up on my way thither. Thus armed and prepared for the encounter, I fancied myself this time another Marcelino, slaying everything around me; but how I acquitted myself afterwards the sequel of my narrative will show you. “Well, Señores, I found Tio Tigre[39] at the foot of a large algarroba-tree, surrounded by my dogs, whose movements he watched all the time with an evil eye. To all appearances none of the contending parties had yet come to any decisive move, although the hounds kept very closely on him. Cat-like, seated on his haunches and playfully moving his tail from side to side, he awaited the attack of the barking troop with becoming composure, never betraying the least symptom of alarm, nor even deigning to stir a foot beyond his post to silence them. At times he even appeared to disregard
- 40. their menacing tone, rubbing his eyes with his great paws as if doubtful which of my fat hounds would afford him the best meal. Occasionally he licked his thick upper lip with his fiery tongue, as if savoring beforehand the unexpected morsel thus brought before him. Finally one of the dogs, which appeared more courageous than the rest, made a sudden spring at his side, when I thought my time had come to plunge my lance into his vitals. But before I could measure the distance that separated me from the enemy, I had the mortification to see my brave companion stretched lifeless on the ground. This, I thought, was a bad beginning; but if ever I have a chance at thy dirty skin (said I to the villain), I am going to dye it of a different hue. “My dogs, however, were not to be intimidated so easily after this unexpected discomfiture: on the contrary, growing more and more clamorous all the time for the fate of their companion, they seemed determined on avenging his death by renewing their attacks upon the enemy. The tiger, however, conscious, no doubt, of the fate that awaited him beyond his lair, obstinately refused to be driven out like a polecat, but adhered firmly to his entrenchment at the foot of the tree. “Now, there was among my pack of hounds a splendid fellow which had always been a particular favorite of mine, not only on account of his superior strength in dealing with refractory bulls, but also for his friendly attachment to my person, which he had displayed more especially whenever the majordomo showed himself overzealous on behalf of my master by an undue punishment on me. Observing that the tiger still persisted in maintaining his position, I said to Fierabras—for such was my favorite’s name—Now then, my boy, show him your teeth! while I advanced two or three steps with the intention of pinning the animal with my lance to the body of the tree. But alas! vain attempt: with one stroke from his huge paw, the tiger snatched the lance from my hands, and laid me flat on the ground, inflicting at the same time the severe gash on my neck that you may still observe. But that is not all; as the scoundrel, disregarding all the rules of decency and politeness, very coolly sat himself upon my face, nearly suffocating me with the weight of his body and the strong exhalations arising from it. I thought that if I could get at my cuchillo, which I carried by my side, I would soon get the pride out of him; but in the situation I then was, it would have been impossible and even hazardous to attempt anything of the kind. Fortunately the tiger, like his near relative, the cat, seldom worries his victims as long as they keep perfectly still. By this time some of
- 41. my friends outside—not hearing the loud whoops by which I encouraged the dogs, and fearing something serious might have happened to me— hastened to the spot from whence proceeded the barking of the dogs, and endeavored to rescue me from my perilous situation. The tangled nature of the wood, however, not permitting the men to use their lazos, one of my companions—a slave, like myself, and a most daring matador—resolved to attack the tiger with his sword. Seizing the sheep-skin from the seat of his saddle, and partly rolling it on his left arm, he advanced boldly upon the tiger, and, with a voice that I shall never forget, he cried out: ‘Now, then, hijo ’una put ... you don’t know who Paulino Blanco is, or else you would not be making faces at me there as if you were a monkey.’ The tiger, who most likely had, during his nocturnal visits to the farm-house, heard something about the famous matador, very wisely disregarded the insult flung at him, instead of rushing on to his encounter like a mad bull. This somewhat disconcerted the plans of the matador, who was also aware of the danger of attacking the beast in his intrenchment; but finally losing all manner of patience, Paulino made a rush on the tiger, not stopping until he almost touched the animal’s nose with the sheep-skin; then plunging his sword in the neck of his antagonist, both fell rolling on the ground, cracking the brushwood as they struggled. In the meantime I was not slow in improving the opportunity to crawl out in search of my lost lance, which I soon found, and was enabled by means of it to return the service rendered by my companion. To plunge the lance into the beast’s heart and turn him on his side, was the work of a moment, after which the tiger gradually relaxed his hold upon my prostrate companion, and stretched himself out to die without a groan, but not before he had inflicted several deep wounds on the neck and chest of his antagonist. Thus ended the career of that scourge of the savannas, and my first experience in tiger-hunting. “After this adventure it was easy to perceive that chasing the tiger on his own ground was not an easy task by any means. Therefore our people were induced to proceed more cautiously in the subsequent search that was made for the others. “It was not long before the dogs, which were by this time aroused to a sense of revenge and self-defence, fell in with the track of another tiger, probably the wife of the defunct, as it was evident from the footprints that she was followed by two younger ones. Fearing from past experience that this second hunt might also prove as disastrous as the former, it was agreed
- 42. that all those who carried lances should enter the wood on foot in order to attack the tigress in a body, should she refuse to come out to open ground. I, of course, was too faint with loss of blood to be able to follow up the trail this time; therefore the dogs had been placed under the guidance of some one else, and shortly after I had the satisfaction of hearing the bark of my chaps resounding through the woods, which was a sure sign they had brought the game to a stand. I was expecting every moment to hear the glad tidings of the destruction of this female marauder, when, instead of the usual cry of victory, I heard a tremendous rush and cracking of sticks, as if a herd of wild hogs were endeavoring to escape. Judge of my disappointment when I beheld the whole troop of men and dogs hurrying out of the wood; and at the head of the fugitives no less a personage than his Reverence the Padre, hotly chased by the enraged tigress, who, having witnessed the slaughter in cold blood of one of her darlings, could not restrain her fury any longer, charging headlong into the midst of the group. In spite of his category, she would in all probability have made short work of Su Señoria, had not the Padre conceived the good idea of dropping his broad-brim behind him, which fortunately was carried away by a strong gust of wind, thus exciting the enraged beast to a pursuit. The tigress, after sporting with the hat like a bird after a butterfly, finding that it was mere chaff, tore it in pieces, and again turned her attention towards the reverend fugitive. In the meantime the Padre had not been very slow in reaching his horse, which was tied at the foot of a caujaro-tree a short distance from the wood. Unfortunately, just as he was in the act of laying hands upon the bridle of his steed, the tigress issued from amongst the high grass, and again charged him. At sight of the dreaded beast, the horse, giving a toss to the halter in the air, broke loose and scampered off, leaving his master to the tender mercies of the tigress. “Swifter than a monkey, and in spite of his ponderous stomach, the Padre went up the slender tree, which bent like a reed at every effort he made to reach the branches, threatening to drop him between the open jaws of the tigress, which by this time had reached the foot of the tree. Here, again, his patron saint, as it is alleged, saved him once more from the impending danger. The truth, in my opinion, is that the tree was not stout enough for the tigress to embrace it firmly to climb up, otherwise all the good saints in heaven would not have prevented her from tearing him down like a frightened araguato.[40] His Reverence might have remained there
- 43. until the day of judgment, as the tigress had already crouched beneath the tree, and he had no means at hand for driving her off, not even through the power of excommunication, but for the timely arrival of two enlazadores, [41] who, observing a horse scampering over the plain without a rider, were attracted to the spot; these, unfolding their lazos, threw them at the beast with such precision as to entangle the animal at one and the same moment; she was thus prevented from doing injury to either the Padre or themselves; for, every time she endeavored to spring on the one, the other tighted his lazo to check her movement. Furious with rage and foaming at the mouth, the tigress endeavored to bite the lazos through and through; but finding the hide from which the thong was twisted rather too tough even for her powerful tusks, she rolled over the grass in trepidation and dismay at finding herself so unexpectedly in the power of her captors. “It was a glorious sight to behold the savage creature thus struggling with the slender lazos that bound her to the ground. Crippled as I was from the effects of my first encounter with the tiger, I had sufficient strength to reach the scene of action in time to take part in the death of his wife also; but ere I dealt the first blow at her, I felt my arm suddenly arrested by the Padre, who contended that the honor of putting an end to her accursed existence belonged to him exclusively as being the aggrieved party on this occasion. I therefore willingly surrendered my lance to him, he having lost his own spear in the hurry of the moment; and then he set to work cutting her up with all the nicety of us folks, as if he had long been trained in the art of wielding a lance. Nevertheless, the tigress would not allow herself to be so easily conquered; at every stroke from the Padre’s lance, she seized the pole with teeth and claws so firmly that we found it difficult to wrench it from her grasp, and it was not until she had been literally cut to pieces that she gave up the ghost—to the devil, I hope. “It was late in the afternoon when we finished our hunt, and turned our horses’ heads in the direction of the farm-house. We should, no doubt, have succeeded in killing as many more of these ferocious beasts, but for the early mishap to myself and the good zambo Paulino, in consequence of which we both had to be carried—or, rather, we carried ourselves as well as we could—to the pueblo, in order to have our wounds properly dressed. On our arrival at the house, we found our mistress—who had already been acquainted with the facts by my master—awaiting us at the gate of the inclosure, and apparently very much excited with the news; for no sooner
- 44. did Paulino pass the gate, and without waiting for him to dismount from his horse, than she accosted my companion in the following manner: ‘Well, Paulino, my boy, I declare ... now tell me, how did the tiger scratch you, my poor fellow, and what did you do to the scoundrel?’ with other similar expressions of feminine curiosity. Paulino, who was more matter of fact than we poor slave folks have generally the credit for, very prudently hesitated at first to comply with the train of her requests, excusing himself by saying, ‘Alas! mistress, it was a hard case, indeed; but, to tell you the truth, I shouldn’t like to show you how.’ “This reluctance on the part of my companion only helped to excite her curiosity still more, until she commanded him, in a peremptory manner, to explain to her the circumstances of the case. By this time Paulino had, with some difficulty, extricated himself from the saddle, and falling suddenly upon our mistress with a loud yell, he threw her upon the ground and commenced biting and scratching her just as the tiger had done to him. The yell from zambo and the shrieks from mi Señora soon drew to the spot my master, and some gentlemen who had come to congratulate him on the success of the hunt. Frantic with passion, and in a tone of voice which made me tremble for poor Paulino, he roared out, ‘How, now! Who’s taking such liberties with my wife, here!’ To which Paulino very calmly replied, ‘ ’Tis nothing, master, I was only showing mistress how the tiger scratched me!’ ...”
- 45. CHAPTER XXII. L O S B O R A L E S . Aware of the importance of a plentiful supply of water for the cattle during the season of drought, we resolved to build a large reservoir in the heart of the savannas before leaving the pampas, and with this object now turned our steps toward the lagoon of Los Borales—so named in honor of a species of water lily very abundant on its borders—which, although quite a lake during the rainy season, often lost its waters by evaporation and other causes when most needed. This required a dam to be raised across one of the many creeks traversing these plains in all directions, to arrest the flow when the floods begin ebbing, thus leaving an artificial reservoir where previously only an extensive bog existed. We installed ourselves within the shelter of a solitary grove, and immediately commenced raising an embankment to several feet above the level of the plain, taking the earth for the purpose from the bed of a creek connecting with the lagoon. Digging to the depth of twelve feet, we came upon a tree with trunk and branches in perfect preservation, which, although it had evidently been thus entombed for ages, a breath of air had power to crumble into dust. As from the time of our arrival it had rained unceasingly, the water rapidly accumulated in the now completed reservoir, though our satisfaction received something of a damper from the fact that the fires were thereby constantly extinguished, until we bethought ourselves of erecting over them a covering of green boughs about three feet from the ground. Upon this we laid large pieces of meat, which, covered with palm leaves, were speedily cooked by the fire beneath. In that retired and solitary grove, seated on a pack-saddle, and surrounded by lazos, bridles, and other emblems of our peaceful occupation, I wrote under the dictation of our Leader, his emphatic refusal to accept the Presidency of the Republic for a third time. Little did we then dream that this spontaneous act of political abnegation would be hailed with exultation by his enemies, in the hope of working, as it did for a time, his ruin as well as that of the Republic; and that the same plains where occurred
- 46. this disinterested proof of patriotism, should shortly afterward witness a scene of bloodshed and persecution to him who, not long before, had been the acknowledged guardian of his country’s liberties. Thunder storms were now of frequent occurrence. One night we were awakened by a fearful clap from the approaching tempest. The prospect was not inviting. Sheltered in our hammocks only by our toldos, and raising among us all but a very small umbrella of philosophy, we awaited the coming storm. In a moment it was upon its with a raging wind that threatened to overthrow and crush us beneath the falling branches of the trees. Then from the heavens descended so continuous a sheet of commingled fire and flood, that these at last appeared to become a part of the atmosphere we breathed. Terrified by this fearful uproar, our madrina of supernumerary horses, which, fearing the snakes, we had quartered in the bed of a dried-up lagoon, dashed madly across the plain, in spite of the combined efforts of their keepers. But no sooner had these refractory animals abandoned the secure pastures for the high grounds, than, attacked by snakes, three of them paid with their lives their insubordination, and one of these unfortunates was afterward brought staggering into the camp, groaning piteously. Unable in the darkness to discover the cause of his sufferings, a light was speedily procured by igniting a rag rolled in fat, when a most revolting spectacle presented itself; the poor beast, so covered with blood that he appeared literally to have been plunged into a bath of gore, had evidently been bitten by a snake, possibly the same which in killing the others had probably nearly exhausted its poison upon them, so that what remained of the venom had not power to produce immediate death, but effected a complete diapedesis or transudation of the blood. A curandero present undertook to restore the poor animal by means of the famous oracion, but on this occasion his skill was vain—the horse in a short time expiring, apparently in great agony. The groans of the dying animal, the thundering of the others along the waste, the shouts and curses of their pursuers, who in the darkness were in danger of being trampled under the feet of more than three hundred frightened animals, mingled with the appalling fury of the elements, until it seemed as though earth and heaven were struggling for the mastery. This fearful scene oh, my unhappy country! shadowed forth but too faithfully thy dark night of despotism; the anarchy, contentions, and wretchedness of thy children; thy ravaged borders, where the “Wise and Good” had formerly scattered plenty over the
- 47. smiling land, and portrays now to me as faithfully the night when I, with a handful of brave youths from Maracaibo, was surprised upon the borders of its lake by the myrmidons of the tyrant Monagas, and carried prisoners to the capital while endeavoring to save the remnant of constitutional liberty in the republic. Our men, finding it impossible during the darkness to trace the horses— among them all of those used for the saddle—were obliged to postpone their search until sunrise. At length, as if wearied with its wild orgies, this tumultuous night passed away, and the morning star appeared leading the timid dawn. The earth, so late the dark abode of chaos, now in bloom and beauty, seemed the favored daughter of the spheres, sparkling in liquid gems, and radiant in the gorgeous splendor of tropical spring, while myriads of white lilies, far as eye could reach, mantled the plain, flooding with perfume the pure morning air. Countless flocks of waterfowl, from the tiny güirirí to the soldier-like crane of the pampas, crowded the miniature lakes, which the late storm had left in every hollow of the ground, and made the air resound with their harsh and varied notes. Conspicuous among these last were the several species of garzas—herons—those “Ladies of the waters, delicate in form, beautiful in plumage, and graceful in their movements,” whose slender, arching necks, curving here and there above and through the sprouting grass, reminded one of the deadly snakes lurking about the plain. There, too, the carrao, a bird less prepossessing in appearance, but endowed with keen perception of a coming change of weather, announced by loud cries, from which it derives its name, the near approach of rain with singular precision. Clouds of fluttering gaviotas or scissor-beaks (Rhynchops) skimmed the water in wild, irregular flight, ploughing up the smaller fish with their scissor-like beaks, and vexing the ear with harsh and piercing cries. On all sides bellowing herds of cattle and troops of emaciated deer wandered, panting as they sought for water and fresh food; while, rescued from the torpor into which the protracted summer drought had plunged them, the drowsy crocodiles and sluggish tortoises moved slowly over the plain in search of the reviving element. It was no easy task to keep the fires burning after the deluging showers of the previous night, in consequence of which we were threatened for a while with starvation in the midst of plenty, as not only had our temporary kitchen been destroyed, but every log of wood was drenched with water; so
- 48. were also our scanty garments and ponchos, most of them being likewise in a few hours covered with the larvæ of myriads of flies which infested our camp. These petites misères were, however, forgotten for the moment in the all-absorbing topic of the whereabouts of our runaway horses. Happily the Llaneros, accustomed from their infancy to observe the instincts of the animals surrounding them, possess a sort of intuitive knowledge—with them it might be called a science—of their movements and impulses. In following the trail of stray animals amidst thousands intercepting each other in every direction, it is of course necessary to determine the right one in order to prosecute the search with some degree of success. The long experience and sagacity of our sturdy majordomo, whose word was considered infallible in such matters, were of incalculable advantage on this occasion. Calmly seated on his hammock, his weather-beaten countenance turned toward the far horizon, he assembled around him the wearied watchmen of the missing drove, still drenched by the late tempest; and directing each squad as to the probable course followed by the separate groups of horses, he ordered them to disperse over the plain in pursuit of their uncertain errand. As the subsequent results proved, on the afternoon of the following day, it was executed with gratifying punctuality; and here I may be permitted to utter a passing word of praise in behalf of these hardy cavaliers of the desert plains, upon whose courage and sagacity often depends, not only the success of such expeditions, but sometimes even the fate of a whole army, whose progress would be seriously endangered without a competent body of cavalry to procure the necessary supply of beef. Scantily provided with raiment, poorly paid, and the simple fare of the Llanos for rations, they are at the post of duty at all hours, in the hot sunshine of day, or “in thunder, in lightning, and in rain” by night, always cheerful and happy, providing they have with them their inharmonious guitar and plenty of tobacco with which to satisfy their appetite for stimulus of some sort. Among the various duties of their vocation, one of the hardest to which they are subjected is that of keeping a constant watch over the cattle at night to prevent their dispersion, as they are compelled to remain for hours on horseback and “wide awake.” In order to accustom the cattle to the voice of their nocturnal guardians, a constant chant in a peculiarly plaintive strain, in which cattle seem rather to delight, is kept up until morning, when only a few horsemen are necessary to retain them within the grazing ground. Should the unruly herd, despite their vigilance, take alarm,
- 49. as is often the case, or evince any symptoms of uneasiness, the first care of the men is to close in, in circle, and if this prove unavailing, they place themselves at the head of the stampede, in order to check, if possible, the progress of the affrighted multitude; but woe to the unfortunate watchman whose horse, missing his footing, throws his rider, for he will be trampled to death in an instant! One afternoon we were apprised by a special messenger from El Frio, that a tall, red-faced Englishman had arrived from the Orinoco, bringing any quantity of fire-arms, ammunition, and—what appeared most extraordinary to our informant—a genuine negro servant who could speak English. As no written communication had been despatched along with the bearer of this unexpected piece of intelligence, we had not an idea of who this British Nimrod might be. We, however, hastened to welcome the stranger, and for the purpose left Los Borales next morning for head- quarters. On arriving, we were most agreeably surprised at meeting no less a personage than Lord James Butler, now, as I understand, Earl of Ormond. We then recollected that the previous year, when his lordship had honored us with a visit at our home in the valleys of Aragua, he had promised that should we carry out our projected expedition to the pampas, he would meet us there. Accordingly, in expectation of this, he had quitted Barbadoes— where he was stationed with his regiment—in his yacht for the river Orinoco. There he left it and prosecuted the remainder of the voyage in a clumsy bongo, up the Apure, arriving at San Fernando nearly a month after quitting Ciudad Bolívar. At the former place he was advised to proceed to Achaguas, where he would most likely hear of our whereabouts. Obtaining there the requisite information, he immediately set out for our cattle farm, distant about fifteen leagues; but instead of providing him with a guide across the trackless waste, he was merely furnished with a refractory mule, which they assured him would take him to the next cattle farm, whence he would be directed onward. He had not proceeded far on his solitary way, when the vicious animal, taking fright at a prairie-owl just as night was approaching, suddenly whirled round, and my lord, despite his long legs and English horsemanship, lost his balance, was dismounted, and, what was worse, left to shift for himself in the midst of a wide plain; the mule, finding, perhaps, the load rather too much for him, scampering off without even a parting compliment. Nor was his sable squire at hand to render him
- 50. the requisite assistance, as he had been left behind in charge of the numberless accoutrements for the chase. Fortunately a peon accidentally encountered the mule on his way home, and knowing the tricks of the animal, secured him, and brought him back to the discomfited traveller. His lordship related this adventure with much humor, and on our expressing regret that he had met with so disagreeable a contretemps, he coolly replied that he scarcely considered it in that light, and rather regretted its speedy termination as having, possibly, deprived him of some curious experiences. Although the best room in the house had been prepared for his accommodation, we observed with surprise that when night came, he insisted upon having his hammock slung in the open air. This, we afterward discovered, was in consequence of his great horror for the murcielagos clinging in clusters to the thatch-roof of the house; and I must confess also that the guest-chamber in our Manor of the Pampas had few attractions, and could offer none of the allurements of the dulce domo to his lordship of Kilkenny Castle. Wines or delicacies of any kind we had none; but as we were well aware that the hospitable Englishman always offers some choicer beverage than water to his guests, we caused an old corozo-palm tree standing in front of the house to be cut down, and from it we procured every afternoon a plentiful supply of palm-wine. To obtain this, a trough is scooped out in the upper part of the stem among the footstalks of the leaves; the opening is then covered with the square piece of bark just cut out, and the wine or sap allowed to accumulate in the trough during the night. A few hours are sufficient to produce a pleasant vinous fermentation with a sweetish taste and a flavor similar to that of Malaga wine; but if left to ferment for a longer period, it acquires decidedly intoxicating properties. Although our sports were nearly over at this time, we endeavored to entertain our distinguished visitor as well as circumstances would permit. We escorted him several times to the savannas in search of game, and even got up a rodeo and branding frolic for his special amusement, with both of which he appeared highly delighted. During the excitement of the rodeo he had another adventure, similar to that I have already related as having occurred to my friend, Mr. Thomas, with a wild bull, and which came very near proving more disastrous than his lordship’s previous one with the refractory mule. We had just surrounded a large herd of cattle, when, like the artist, inspired by the excitement of the chase and its accompanying
- 51. scenes, Lord James seized his sketch-book and commenced to delineate them. He had not been long thus occupied, when a bull, attracted perhaps by the commanding attitude of the draughtsman, broke through the ring, and made at him with fury in his eyes. Unconscious of danger, he continued his occupation with as much composure as if at a stag-hunt in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It was too late to render him assistance, and we watched the issue with breathless anxiety; but the bull, apparently awed by the immovable attitude of the rider and his fearless composure, contented himself with making a tremendous demonstration at the breast of the horse without either touching him or his rider, and then, turning tail, vanished in the distance. It was highly amusing to hear his lordship inquire the meaning of all that flourish of trumpets, when a witty Llanero, standing near, replied to him that it was evidently intended as a salutation from the wild multitude to the honored guest. Startled by the noise and rush of so many animals over the plain, the foxes—in the pursuit of which Englishmen are so lavish of trouble and expense—could be seen running to and fro, endeavoring to escape; no sooner did the noble son of Albion discover that this favorite game was also to be found in the pampas, than he abandoned the exciting hunt of the wild cattle for the first fox that crossed his path. He had not proceeded far, however, when another fox, and then another, and finally a legion of them offered to his eager pursuit. Bewildered by so many bushy tails, he gave up the chase in disgust; and I am sorry to state that this species of embarras de richesse, spoiled sport for him in all his subsequent sorties, excepting when, on a visit to the creek of Macanillal, we “caught a tartar” in the shape of a full-grown crocodile, which we mistook for a young one. This adventure, however, afforded him a good deal of amusement, and some surprise to those engaged in the undertaking. It so happened that only the end of the reptile’s tail was out of water in a very shallow spot, the rest of its body being entirely buried among the roots of a large stump. Judging from the apparent smallness of the tail that we could easily drag out the creature, and his lordship having expressed a desire to obtain the specimen for preservation, Roseliano immediately volunteered his services. He tried in vain, however, to bring it to light unassisted, whereupon a lazo was brought into requisition, and having noosed the tail therewith, we succeeded in pulling the reptile out of its hiding-place, when, to our great astonishment and trepidation, we discovered that it was a large and full-grown female
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