Procedure Oriented programming Object Oriented programming Basic Concept of Object Oriented programming A simple C++ Program Structure of C++ Program

 Procedure Oriented programming
 Object Oriented programming
 Basic Concept of Object Oriented programming
 A simple C++ Program
 Structure of C++ Program
 Application of C++

C was developed by Dennis Ritchie between the year 1969
and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979.
For the development of code, C supports procedural
programming.
C++ is known as hybrid language because C++ supports
both procedural and object oriented programming
paradigms.
C is a function driven language because C is a procedural
programming language.
C++ is an object driven language because it is an object
oriented programming.
Standard IO header is stdio.h. Standard IO header is iostream.h.
scanf() and printf() functions are used for input/output in C.
cin and cout are used for input/output in C++
There are 32 keywords in the C There are 97 keywords in the C++
File extension is “.c” File extension is “.cpp” or “.c++” or “.cc” or “.cxx”
C structures don’t have access modifiers. C ++ structures have access modifiers.
Direct support for exception handling is not supported by C. Exception handling is supported by C++.

Object Oriented programming
C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create
high-performance applications.
C++ was developed as an extension of C, and both languages
have almost the same syntax.
The main difference between C and C++ is that C++ support
classes and objects, while C does not.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to
the C language.
C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system
resources and memory.
The language was updated 4 major times in 2011, 2014, 2017,
and 2020 to C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20.

Why Use C++
 C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
 C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User
Interfaces, and embedded systems.
 C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a
clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering
development costs.
 C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be
adapted to multiple platforms.
 C++ is fun and easy to learn!
 As C++ is close to C, C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers
to switch to C++ or vice versa.

C++ Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
In C++, there are different types of variables (defined with different keywords),
int -
stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
double -
stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
char -
stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes
string -
stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are surrounded by double quotes
bool -
stores values with two states: true or false

Declaring (Creating) Variables

C++ Identifiers
 All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.
 These unique names are called identifiers.
 Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive
names (age, sum, totalVolume).
 The general rules for naming variables are:
 Names can contain letters, digits and underscores
 Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
 Names are case-sensitive (myVar and myvar are different variables)
 Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !, #, %,
etc.
 Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such as int) cannot be used as
names

A simple C++ Program
#include<iostream.h>
includes the standard input output library functions.
It provides cin and cout methods for reading from
input and writing to output respectively.
#include <conio.h>
includes the console input output library functions.
The getch() function is defined in conio.h file.
void main()
The main() function is the entry point of every
program in C++ language. The void keyword
specifies that it returns no value.
cout << "Welcome to C++ Programming."
is used to print the data "Welcome to C++ Program
ming." on the console.
getch()
The getch() function asks for a single character. Until
you press any key, it blocks the screen.

Constants
When you declare a constant variable, it must be assigned with a value:
const int minutesPerHour = 60;

C++ User Input
 cout is used to output (print) values. Now we will
use cin to get user input.
cin is a predefined variable that reads data from
the keyboard with the extraction operator (>>).
cout is pronounced "see-out". Used for output,
and uses the insertion operator (<<)
cin is pronounced "see-in". Used for input, and
uses the extraction operator (>>)

Basic Concept of Object Oriented programming

CLASS AND OBJECT
FRUIT
APPLE
OBJECT
GRAPES
OBJECT
MANGO
OBJECT
BANANA
OBJECT
Class
(Fruit)
Classes and objects are the two main
aspects of object-oriented
programming.
A class is a template for objects, and
an object is an instance of a class.
When the individual objects are
created, they inherit all the variables
and functions from the class.

• Encapsulation in C++ is defined
as the wrapping up of data
and information in a single
unit.
• In Object Oriented
Programming, Encapsulation is
defined as binding together
the data and the functions
that manipulate them.
• Two Important property of
Encapsulation
Data Protection
Information Hiding

Data Abstraction
 Data Abstraction is a process of providing only the essential details to the
outside world and hiding the internal details, i.e., representing only the
essential details in the program.
 Let's take a real life example of AC, which can be turned ON or OFF, change
the temperature, change the mode, and other external components such as fan,
swing. But, we don't know the internal details of the AC, i.e., how it works
internally. Thus, we can say that AC seperates the implementation details from
the external interface.

Polymorphism
• The word “polymorphism” means
having many forms
Polymorphism is considered one
of the important features of
Object-Oriented Programming..
• A real-life example of
polymorphism is a person who at
the same time can have different
characteristics. A man at the same
time is a father, a husband, and an
employee. So the same person
exhibits different behavior in
different situations. This is called
polymorphism.

INHERITANCE
Inheritance is one of the key features of Object-oriented programming in C++.
It allows us to create a new class (derived class) from an existing class
(base class).
The derived class inherits the features from the base class and can have
additional features of its own.
 Inheritance is an is-a relationship. We use inheritance only if an is-a
relationship is present between the two classes.
 Here are some examples:
 A car is a vehicle.
 Orange is a fruit.
 A surgeon is a doctor.
 A dog is an animal.

The derived class inherits the features from the base class

Application of C++
 Google: C++ is used for lots of google magic like Big table, Google file system,
Google Chromium browser, and MapReduce large cluster data processing are all
written in C++.
 Mozilla uses a subset of C++. C++ 14 is required to build Mozilla 59, Mozilla
Firefox, and Thunderbird email chat client are both written using C++.
 Microsoft: Lots of windows apps that you regularly use are written in C++, It
features tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for
the DirectX, Windows API, and .NET.
 Rockstar Games: Almost all major game companies use C++ due to its right speed
on bare metal. Many major game engines are fully written in C++ and leverage its
speed and OOPs capabilities.
 MongoDB: MongoDB is an open-source database, widely used as the back-end
store for web applications, as well as in large enterprises like Viacom,
biotechnology giants, and Disney.
 Games and Animations: C++ is used for developing games. It simplifies the
complexity of 3-Dimensional games and helps in optimizing the resources.

Procedure Oriented programming Object Oriented programming Basic Concept of Object Oriented programming A simple C++ Program Structure of C++ Program

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