Programming Languages and Program Develompent

Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview

Identify and discuss the
Identify and discuss the
characteristics of these
characteristics of these
Differentiate between purpose of procedural
object‐oriented
machine and assembly programming languages,
programming languages
languages and describe the features of
p g p
and program development
C and COBOL
C and COBOL
tools

Identify the uses of other
programming languages Describe various ways to
and program development develop Web pages
tools

See Page 663 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 13

Objectives Overview
Objectives Overview

Identify the uses of List the six steps in the
popular multimedia
l lti di program development
d l t
authoring programs life cycle

Explain the basic
l h b
Differentiate between control structures and
structured design and
structured design and design tools used in
design tools used in
object‐oriented design designing solutions to
programming problems
programming problems
See Page 663 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 13

Computer Programs
and Programming Languages
d i
• A computer program is a series of instructions
p p
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language

Pages 664 – 665 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4
Figure 13‐1 Chapter 13

Low Level Languages
Low‐Level Languages

• Machine language is
the first generation of
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes

Page 665 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 5

Low Level Languages
Low‐Level Languages

• A
Assembly language i h
bl l is the
second generation of
• Programmer writes
instructions using
g
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
converted to machine
language


Procedural Languages

• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
p
instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third‐generation language (3GL)
Third‐generation language

A compiler
A il
translates an entire
program before An interpreter converts
executing it and executes one code
d d
statement at a time

Pages 666 ‐ 667 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7
Chapter 13


Figures 13‐4 – 13‐5 Chapter 13


• The C programming language is used to write
y y p g
many of today’s programs

Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
C below Chapter 13



• COBOL (COmmon Business‐Oriented Language) is
g pp y
designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English‐like statements


Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
d l l
• An object‐oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
Programmers
Objects can be
create applications
pp
reused
faster

Most program
Work well in a
development tools
RAD environment
are IDEs
are IDEs
Chapter 13

d l l
• Java is an object‐oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just‐in‐time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode
into machine‐dependent code

Web Link from left
Java Platforms
below Chapter 13

d l l
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
yp p g
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices
and mobile devices
• Features include:

CLR (Common
Language Classes
Runtime)
Chapter 13

d l l
• C i
C++ is an extension of
i f
the C programming
language
• C# is based on C++ and
was developed by
was developed by
Microsoft
• F# combines the
F# combines the
benefits of an object‐
oriented language with
oriented language with
those of a functional
language
g g

d l l

Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of
program development tools
program development tools
Visual C#
Vi l C# combines
bi
Visual Basic is the programming
based on the BASIC Visual C++ is based elements of C++
based on the BASIC Visual C++ is based elements of C++
programming on C++ with an easier,
g g
language p p
rapid‐development
environment

Chapter 13

d l l

Web Link from left
Visual Studio Tools for Office
below Chapter 13

d l l

A visual programming language is a language that
uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all
source code

B l d’ D l hi i f l
Borland’s Delphi is a powerful program
development tool that is ideal for building large‐
scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD
environment
Chapter 13

d l l


d l l
• PowerBuilder is a
powerful program
development RAD tool
• Best suited for Web‐
based, .NET, and large‐
scale enterprise object‐
oriented applications


Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
d l l
• A 4GL (fourth‐generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
p g g
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL
One popular 4GL is SQL


d l l
• Classic programming languages include:
Ada
Ad ALGOL APL BASIC

Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP

Logo Modula‐2 Pascal PILOT

PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk

d l l
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS


d l l
• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an
pp p
application how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
–RRecord the macro with a macro recorder
d th ith d
– Write the macro

Web Link from left
Macros below Chapter 13

Chapter 13

d l l


Web Page Development

• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices


• XML allows Web developers to create customized
g p g p y
tags and use predefined tags to display content
appropriately on various devices
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
for microbrowsers
• T
Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM
li i f XML RSS 2 0 d ATOM

Web Link from left
XML below Chapter 13

Chapter 13


• Web browsers can execute short programs to add
interactive elements to Web pages
• To send and receive information between your computer
and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common
gateway interface)
Scripts
p Applets
pp

ActiveX
Servlets
controls
Chapter 13


• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or
g y g g
ActiveX controls using a variety of languages

JavaScript Perl PHP

Rexx
R Tcl
Tl VBScript
VBS i t
Web Link from left
PHP below Chapter 13

Chapter 13


Dynamic HTML (DHTML) allows Web
developers to include more graphical interest
developers to include more graphical interest
and interactivity

• Cascading style sheets (CSS) contain the formats for how a particular object should
d l h ( ) h f f h l b h ld
be displayed

Ruby on Rails (RoR) provides technologies for
developing object‐oriented, database‐driven
Web sites
Web sites
Web Link from left
Cascading Style Sheets
below Chapter 13
Chapter 13


• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for
users to:
Allow users to
Share personal
p
modify Web site
modify Web site
information
content

Have application
pp
software built
into the site
Chapter 13


• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs
– An API enables programmers to interact with an
p g
environment such as a Web site or operating system

Web Link from left
APIs below Chapter 13


• Web page authoring software can create
p p g g
sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Expression
Dreamweaver
Web

SharePoint
Flash
Designer
Chapter 13

Multimedia Program Development

• Multimedia authoring software allows
p g
programmers to combine text, graphics,
g p
animation, audio, and video in an interactive
presentation

ToolBook Director

Chapter 13

Program Development
Program Development

• Program development consists of a series of steps
p g
programmers use to build computer programs
p p g


Step 1 Analyze Requirements
Step 1 – Analyze Requirements

• To initiate program development, programmer:
– Reviews the requirements
q
– Meets with the systems analyst and users
– Identifies input processing and output
Identifies input, processing, and output
• IPO chart


Step 2 Design Solution
Step 2 – Design Solution

• Design a solution algorithm
• In structured design, the programmer typically
In structured design, the programmer typically
begins with a general design and moves toward a
more detailed design
more detailed design
• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show
program modules graphically

Chapter 13


• With object‐oriented
(OO) design, the
programmer packages
the data and the
program into a single
object
– Encapsulation

Web Link from left
Object-Oriented Design
below Chapter 13


• The sequence control
structure shows one or
more actions following
each other in order



• The selection control
structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If‐then‐else
– Case



• The repetition control structure enables a program to
perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met

Figures 13‐30 – 13‐31 Chapter 13


• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic
g
in a solution algorithm



• Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify
p
and update flowcharts
– SmartDraw
– Visio

Web Link from left
Flowcharting Software
below Chapter 13


• Pseudocode uses a
condensed form of
English to convey
program logic



• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been
p j
adopted as a standard notation for object
modeling and development


Step 3 Validate Design
Step 3 – Validate Design

• Check for logic errors using test data

Develop Determine Step Repeat
various the through Compare steps for
sets of test
sets of test expected
expected the
the the results
the results each set of
each set of
data result algorithm test data

Chapter 13

Step 4 Implement Design
Step 4 – Implement Design

• Implementation of the design includes using a
l i f h d i i l d i
program development tool that assists the
programmer by:
b
– Generating or providing some or all code
– Writing the code that translates the design into a
computer program
– C ti th
Creating the user interface
i t f
• Extreme programming is a strategy where
programmers immediately begin coding and testing
i di t l b i di d t ti
solutions as soon as requirements are defined

Chapter 13

Step 5 Test Solution
Step 5 – Test Solution

The goal of program testing is to ensure the
g p g g
program runs correctly and is error free
• Errors include syntax errors and logic errors
• Debugging the program involves removing the bugs
• A beta is a program that has most or all of its
y p
features and functionality implemented
Web Link from left
Beta Testers
below Chapter 13

Chapter 13

Step 6 Document Solution
Step 6 – Document Solution

• In documenting the solution, the programmer
p
performs two activities:

Review the Review all the
program code documentation

Chapter 13

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Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 55
Chapter 13

Summary

Various programming A variety of Web
languages used to
languages used to development and
development and
create computer multimedia
programs development tools

Steps in the program
development life cycle
p y
and tools used to make
this process efficient

Chapter 13

Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Chapter 13 Complete

Programming Languages and Program Develompent

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