Python Programming Essentials - M17 - Functions
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The document discusses the basics of functions in Python, including what a function is, the advantages of using functions, how to define and call functions, and how to use parameters, return values, global variables, default arguments, keyword arguments, and docstrings when working with functions. Key points covered include how functions allow code reuse and decomposition of complex problems, how to define a function using the def keyword, how to call a defined function by name, and how docstrings provide documentation for functions and other objects.
1 of 21
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Calling a Function
6
def printList():
num_list = range(3)
print num_list
printList()
Output:
[0, 1, 2]
To call a function, we specify the function name
with the round brackets
Call to function](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pythonprogrammingessentials-m17-functions-140819043207-phpapp01/85/Python-Programming-Essentials-M17-Functions-6-320.jpg)
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return keyword
7
def printList():
num_list = range(3)
return num_list
my_list = printList()
print my_list
Output:
[0, 1, 2]
1. The return keyword is
used to return values
from a function
2. A function implicitly
returns None by default
even if you don’t use
return keyword](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pythonprogrammingessentials-m17-functions-140819043207-phpapp01/85/Python-Programming-Essentials-M17-Functions-7-320.jpg)
![© SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com
Parameterized functions
8
def printList(upper_limit):
num_list = range(upper_limit)
print "list: %s" % num_list
printList(5)
printList(2)
Output:
list: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
list: [0, 1]
1. Names given in the
function definition
are called
parameters
2. The values you
supply in the
function call are
called
arguments](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pythonprogrammingessentials-m17-functions-140819043207-phpapp01/85/Python-Programming-Essentials-M17-Functions-8-320.jpg)
![© SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com
Default arguments
9
def printList(upper_limit=4):
print "upper limit: %d" % upper_limit
num_list = range(upper_limit)
print "list: %s" % num_list
printList(5)
printList()
Output:
upper limit: 5
list: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
upper limit: 4
list: [0, 1, 2, 3]
value 4
1. When function is called
without any arguments default
value is used
2. During a function call if
argument is passed then the
passed value is used](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pythonprogrammingessentials-m17-functions-140819043207-phpapp01/85/Python-Programming-Essentials-M17-Functions-9-320.jpg)
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Keyword arguments
11
def printList(upper_limit, step=1):
print "upper limit: %d" % upper_limit
num_list = range(0, upper_limit, step)
print "list: %s" % num_list
printList(upper_limit=5, step=2)
Output:
upper limit: 5
list: [0, 2, 4]
range() function has two variations:
1.range(stop)
2.range(start, stop[, step])](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pythonprogrammingessentials-m17-functions-140819043207-phpapp01/85/Python-Programming-Essentials-M17-Functions-11-320.jpg)
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Python Programming Essentials - M44 - Overview of Web DevelopmentP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document provides an overview of web development in Python. It includes an example of a simple web application that connects to a MySQL database and displays the top 10 books ordered by publication date. It also lists some popular Python web development frameworks, including Django, Flask, and Pyramid, and provides references to their websites.
Python Programming Essentials - M40 - Invoking External Programs
Python Programming Essentials - M40 - Invoking External ProgramsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses various ways to invoke and run external programs from Python code, including using the os.system and subprocess modules. It specifically mentions the os.system, subprocess.call, and subprocess.Popen functions for executing external commands or starting new processes. References are provided to the Python documentation for further information on the subprocess module.
Python Programming Essentials - M39 - Unit Testing
Python Programming Essentials - M39 - Unit TestingP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document discusses unit testing in Python. It defines unit testing as testing individual units or components of code to determine if they work as intended. It covers key concepts like test cases, test fixtures, test suites, and test runners. It also provides examples of how to write unit tests in Python using the unittest module and concepts like assertions, setup and teardown methods.
Python Programming Essentials - M34 - List Comprehensions
Python Programming Essentials - M34 - List ComprehensionsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses Python list comprehensions, which provide a concise way to generate new lists from existing lists. It covers the basic syntax of list comprehensions, using filters to apply conditions, and nesting loops to generate lists of tuples from multi-dimensional data like matrices. Examples are given to demonstrate how list comprehensions can replace traditional for loops for generating new lists in a more compact and Pythonic way.
Python Programming Essentials - M29 - Python Interpreter and Files
Python Programming Essentials - M29 - Python Interpreter and FilesP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document discusses the Python interpreter and how it executes Python code. It explains that the Python interpreter consists of a bytecode compiler that converts human-readable Python code into machine-readable bytecode. It then uses a virtual machine to execute the bytecode. The interpreter can run code interactively to test it immediately or compile Python files (.py) into bytecode files (.pyc) for faster execution the next time the program is run.
Python Programming Essentials - M28 - Debugging with pdb
Python Programming Essentials - M28 - Debugging with pdbP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document introduces the Python debugger (pdb) which allows developers to pause a Python program, examine variables, and step through code line-by-line or function-by-function. Pdb can be started from the command line using "python -m pdb filename" or by inserting "import pdb; pdb.set_trace()" in the code. The document describes common pdb commands like list, where, step, next, up and down that allow debugging and navigating the call stack.
Python Programming Essentials - M27 - Logging module
Python Programming Essentials - M27 - Logging moduleP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Logging is used to track events that occur when software runs. It provides descriptive messages and optional variable data for each event. The Python logging module provides convenience functions for logging. There are different logging levels ranging from DEBUG to CRITICAL depending on the severity of the event. Logging can be configured to log to files and allow setting the logging level and format of logged messages.
Python Programming Essentials - M25 - os and sys modules
Python Programming Essentials - M25 - os and sys modulesP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document discusses the os and sys modules in Python. It provides examples of how to use common os functions like rename, remove, mkdir, and listdir to work with files and directories. It also demonstrates how to use the sys module to access command line arguments and exit a program. Key functions covered include getcwd(), chdir(), split(), splitext(), join(), argv, and exit.
Python Programming Essentials - M24 - math module
Python Programming Essentials - M24 - math moduleP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document provides an overview of the math module in Python. It demonstrates how to import the math module and use common mathematical constants like pi and e. It also shows various math functions for calculating ceilings, floors, factorials, powers, square roots, logarithms, exponents, and converting between radians and degrees. The document contains examples of using these math functions and provides a brief description of their usage.
Python Programming Essentials - M23 - datetime module
Python Programming Essentials - M23 - datetime moduleP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document is about Python's datetime module. It introduces the module and the key classes it contains for manipulating dates and times, including Date, Time, and DateTime objects. It shows how to create datetime objects from these classes, extract attributes like year and hour, and perform operations like adding or subtracting days to manipulate dates. Examples are provided demonstrating common datetime tasks in Python like printing dates in different formats, finding today's date, and comparing datetime objects.
Python Programming Essentials - M22 - File Operations
Python Programming Essentials - M22 - File OperationsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses various methods for reading and writing files in Python, including open(), read(), readline(), readlines(), write(), seek(), and tell(). It provides examples of opening files, reading the contents, writing new text, and changing the file position. The open() function is used to open a file and return a file object, which then has various methods that can be called to perform operations on the file.
Python Programming Essentials - M21 - Exception Handling
Python Programming Essentials - M21 - Exception HandlingP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses exception handling in Python. It explains that exceptions are errors that occur during program execution and can be handled using try, except, and raise keywords. The document covers throwing exceptions, catching exceptions using try/except blocks, propagating exceptions, using try/except/else and try/except/finally, and some common built-in Python exceptions. It also provides an example of defining a custom exception class.
Python Programming Essentials - M20 - Classes and Objects
Python Programming Essentials - M20 - Classes and ObjectsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses classes and objects in Python. It defines a Calculator class and demonstrates how to create class attributes, methods, and instances. It explains the __init__ method, self keyword, and how to access attributes and methods. It also covers data attributes versus class attributes, inheritance, method overriding, and calling parent methods. The document provides examples to illustrate these object-oriented programming concepts in Python.
Python Programming Essentials - M18 - Modules and Packages
Python Programming Essentials - M18 - Modules and PackagesP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Modules allow organizing Python code into reusable files. The import statement accesses modules, with import module accessing all attributes and from module import function accessing specific functions. Packages are directories containing modules, allowing related modules to be grouped. The __name__ attribute determines if a module is run directly or imported, allowing main blocks to execute code when run directly but not on import.
Python Programming Essentials - M16 - Control Flow Statements and Loops
Python Programming Essentials - M16 - Control Flow Statements and LoopsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses Python control flow statements and built-in constants. It covers truth value testing in Python, including objects considered False. It also covers if/elif/else statements, for loops, while loops, and the break, continue, and pass statements. The range function is described for generating numeric sequences, and the zip function is shown pairing multiple iterables. Built-in constants like True, False, and None are also summarized.
Python Programming Essentials - M15 - References
Python Programming Essentials - M15 - ReferencesP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Skillbrew provides online courses and tutorials on software development and programming topics. The website is created and maintained by industry experts to share their knowledge and skills. References are an important concept in programming - when a variable is assigned to an object, it refers to that object but does not represent the object itself, so changes made through one variable are reflected in others referring to the same object.
Python Programming Essentials - M14 - Dictionaries
Python Programming Essentials - M14 - DictionariesP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Dictionaries in Python are used to store data values in key-value pairs. A dictionary is created using curly braces {} with keys and their corresponding values separated by colons. Values can be accessed using their keys and dictionaries can be iterated over to access both keys and values. Common uses of dictionaries include storing contact information with name, phone, email as keys and values. Keys must be immutable objects like strings or numbers.
Python Programming Essentials - M13 - Tuples
Python Programming Essentials - M13 - TuplesP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document discusses tuples in Python. It defines a tuple as an immutable sequence of items similar to a list. It provides examples of creating tuples using parentheses or packing, unpacking tuples into variables, accessing tuple elements by index, tuples with a single element requiring a trailing comma, common tuple operations like length, concatenation and slicing, and how tuples differ from lists in being immutable. It also covers converting between tuples and lists, and using tuples to return multiple values from functions.
Python Programming Essentials - M12 - Lists
Python Programming Essentials - M12 - ListsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The document discusses Python lists, which are ordered collections of items of any data type. It describes how to create, access, and modify lists using various functions and operations like append, insert, remove, sort, and slice. These include adding/removing elements, sorting/reversing lists, using lists as stacks with push/pop, and extracting sublist sections. The document provides examples of creating lists with different syntax, accessing elements by index, and using common list methods for operations.
Python Programming Essentials - M11 - Comparison and Logical Operators
Python Programming Essentials - M11 - Comparison and Logical OperatorsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. This document discusses Python operators such as comparison operators, logical operators, bitwise operators, shorthand operators, increment and decrement operators, and operator precedence. Comparison operators (>, <, ==, etc.) are used to compare values, logical operators (and, or, not) are used to combine conditional statements, and bitwise operators perform bit-level operations. Shorthand operators provide a concise way to perform operations like assignment, and operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed.
Python Programming Essentials - M16 - Control Flow Statements and Loops
Python Programming Essentials - M16 - Control Flow Statements and LoopsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Python Programming Essentials - M11 - Comparison and Logical Operators
Python Programming Essentials - M11 - Comparison and Logical OperatorsP3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
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Python Programming Essentials - M17 - Functions
- 1. http://www.skillbrew.com /SkillbrewTalent brewed by the industry itself Functions in Python Pavan Verma @YinYangPavan 1 Founder, P3 InfoTech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Python Programming Essentials
- 2. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com What is a function A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action 2
- 3. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Advantages of using functions 3 Reusability. Reducing duplication of code Decomposing complex problems into simpler pieces Abstraction Cleaner code
- 4. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Types of functions Types of Functions Built-in Functions User Defined Functions 4
- 5. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Defining a function 5 def functionName(): # do something def printList(): num_list = range(3) print num_list 1. def keyword is used to define a function 2. def keyword is followed by a function name 3. Function name is followed by parenthesis () 4. After this a block of python statements
- 6. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Calling a Function 6 def printList(): num_list = range(3) print num_list printList() Output: [0, 1, 2] To call a function, we specify the function name with the round brackets Call to function
- 7. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com return keyword 7 def printList(): num_list = range(3) return num_list my_list = printList() print my_list Output: [0, 1, 2] 1. The return keyword is used to return values from a function 2. A function implicitly returns None by default even if you don’t use return keyword
- 8. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Parameterized functions 8 def printList(upper_limit): num_list = range(upper_limit) print "list: %s" % num_list printList(5) printList(2) Output: list: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] list: [0, 1] 1. Names given in the function definition are called parameters 2. The values you supply in the function call are called arguments
- 9. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Default arguments 9 def printList(upper_limit=4): print "upper limit: %d" % upper_limit num_list = range(upper_limit) print "list: %s" % num_list printList(5) printList() Output: upper limit: 5 list: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] upper limit: 4 list: [0, 1, 2, 3] value 4 1. When function is called without any arguments default value is used 2. During a function call if argument is passed then the passed value is used
- 10. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Default arguments (2) 10 A non-default argument may not follow default arguments while defining a function def printList(upper_limit=4, step):
- 11. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Keyword arguments 11 def printList(upper_limit, step=1): print "upper limit: %d" % upper_limit num_list = range(0, upper_limit, step) print "list: %s" % num_list printList(upper_limit=5, step=2) Output: upper limit: 5 list: [0, 2, 4] range() function has two variations: 1.range(stop) 2.range(start, stop[, step])
- 12. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Keyword arguments (2) 12 printList(step=2, upper_limit=5) printList(upper_limit=5, step=2) Advantages of using keyword arguments Using the function is easier since you don’t have to worry about or remember the order of the arguments
- 13. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Keyword arguments (3) 13 You can give values to only those parameters which you want, provided that the other parameters have default argument value printList(upper_limit=5)
- 14. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Keyword arguments (4) 14 A non-keyword argument cannot follow keyword arguments while calling a function printList(upper_limit=4, 10)
- 15. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com global variables 15 counter = 10 def printVar(): print counter printVar() print "counter: %d" % counter Output: 10 counter: 10 Variable defined outside a function or class is a global variable counter is a global variable
- 16. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com global variables (2) 16 counter = 10 def printVar(): counter = 20 print "Counter in: %d" % counter printVar() print "Counter out: %d" % counter Output: Counter in: 20 Counter out: 10 counter in function definition is local variable tied to function’s namespace Hence the value of global counter does not gets modified
- 17. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com global variables (3) 17 counter = 10 def printVar(): global counter counter = 20 print "Counter in: %d" % counter printVar() print "Counter out: %d" % counter Output: Counter in: 20 Counter out: 20 In order to use the global counter variable inside the function you have to explicitly tell python to use global variable using global keyword
- 18. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com docstrings 18 def add(x, y): """ Return the sum of inputs x, y """ return x + y print add.__doc__ Python documentation strings (or docstrings) provide a convenient way of associating documentation with Python modules, functions, classes, and methods docstring Access a docstring using object.__doc__
- 19. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Summary What is a function Advantages of using functions Defining a function Calling a function return keyword 19 Parameterized functions Default arguments Keyword arguments global variables docstrings
- 20. © SkillBrew http://skillbrew.com Resources Default arguments http://www.ibiblio.org/g2swap/byteofpython/read/default-argument- values.html Keyword arguments http://www.ibiblio.org/g2swap/byteofpython/read/keyword- arguments.html return keyword http://www.ibiblio.org/g2swap/byteofpython/read/return.html local variables http://www.ibiblio.org/g2swap/byteofpython/read/local- variables.html Docstrings http://www.ibiblio.org/g2swap/byteofpython/read/docstrings.html 20
- 21. 21