Python programming unit 2 -Slides-3.ppt

8. Python - Numbers
• Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable
data types, which means that changing the value of a number
data type results in a newly allocated object.
• Number objects are created when you assign a value to them.
For example:
var1 = 1
var2 = 10
• You can also delete the reference to a number object by
using the del statement. The syntax of the del statement is:
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using
the del statement. For example:
del var del var_a, var_b

Python supports four different numerical types:
• int (signed integers): often called just integers or ints, are positive or
negative whole numbers with no decimal point.
• long (long integers ): or longs, are integers of unlimited size, written like
integers and followed by an uppercase or lowercase L.
• float (floating point real values) : or floats, represent real numbers and are
written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts. Floats
may also be in scientific notation, with E or e indicating the power of 10
(2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250).
• complex (complex numbers) : are of the form a + bJ, where a and b are
floats and J (or j) represents the square root of -1 (which is an imaginary
number). a is the real part of the number, and b is the imaginary part.
Complex numbers are not used much in Python programming.

int long float complex
10 51924361L 0 3.14j
100 -0x19323L 15.2 45.j
-786 0122L -21.9 9.322e-36j
80 0xDEFABCECBDAECBFBAEl 32.3+e18 .876j
-490 535633629843L -90 -.6545+0J
-0x260 -052318172735L -3.25E+101 3e+26J
0x69 -4721885298529L 70.2-E12 4.53e-7j

Number Type Conversion:
• Type int(x)to convert x to a plain integer.
• Type long(x) to convert x to a long integer.
• Type float(x) to convert x to a floating-point number.
• Type complex(x) to convert x to a complex number with real
part x and imaginary part zero.
• Type complex(x, y) to convert x and y to a complex number
with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y are numeric
expressions

Mathematical Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
abs(x) The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero.
ceil(x) The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x
cmp(x, y) -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y
exp(x) The exponential of x: e
x
fabs(x) The absolute value of x.
floor(x) The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x
log(x) The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0
log10(x) The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0 .
max(x1, x2,...) The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity
min(x1, x2,...) The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity
modf(x) The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts
have the same sign as x. The integer part is returned as a float.
pow(x, y) The value of x**y.
round(x [,n]) x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from
zero as a tie-breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0.
sqrt(x) The square root of x for x > 0

Random Number Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
choice(seq) A random item from a list, tuple, or string.
randrange ([start,]
stop [,step])
A randomly selected element from range(start, stop,
step)
random() A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to
r and r is less than 1
seed([x]) Sets the integer starting value used in generating
random numbers. Call this function before calling
any other random module function. Returns None.
shuffle(lst) Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns
None.
uniform(x, y) A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to
r and r is less than y

Trigonometric Functions:
Function Description
acos(x) Return the arc cosine of x, in radians.
asin(x) Return the arc sine of x, in radians.
atan(x) Return the arc tangent of x, in radians.
atan2(y, x) Return atan(y / x), in radians.
cos(x) Return the cosine of x radians.
hypot(x, y) Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y).
sin(x) Return the sine of x radians.
tan(x) Return the tangent of x radians.
degrees(x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees.
radians(x) Converts angle x from degrees to radians.

Mathematical Constants:
Constant Description
pi The mathematical constant pi.
e The mathematical constant e.

9. Python - Strings
• Strings are amongst the most popular types in Python. We
can create them simply by enclosing characters in quotes.
Python treats single quotes the same as double quotes.
• Creating strings is as simple as assigning a value to a
variable. For example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"

Accessing Values in Strings:
• Python does not support a character type; these are treated as
strings of length one, thus also considered a substring.
• To access substrings, use the square brackets for slicing along with
the index or indices to obtain your substring:
• Example:
var 1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
print "var1[0]: ", var1[0]
print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5]
This will produce following result:
var1[0]: H
var2[1:5]: ytho

Updating Strings:
• You can "update" an existing string by (re)assigning a variable to
another string. The new value can be related to its previous value or to
a completely different string altogether.
• Example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
print "Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python'
This will produce following result:
Updated String :- Hello Python

Escape Characters:
Backslash Hexadecimal
Description
notation character
a 0x07 Bell or alert
b 0x08 Backspace
cx Control-x
C-x Control-x
e 0x1b Escape
f 0x0c Formfeed
M-C-x Meta-Control-x
n 0x0a Newline
nnn Octal notation, where n is in the range 0.7
r 0x0d Carriage return
s 0x20 Space
t 0x09 Tab
v 0x0b Vertical tab
x Character x
xnn Hexadecimal notation, where n is in the range 0.9,
a.f, or A.F

String Special Operators: Assume string variable a
holds 'Hello' and variable b holds 'Python' then:
Operator Description Example
+ Concatenation - Adds values on either
side of the operator
a + b will give HelloPython
* Repetition - Creates new strings,
concatenating multiple copies of the
same string
a*2 will give -HelloHello
[] Slice - Gives the character from the
given index
a[1] will give e
[ : ] Range Slice - Gives the characters from
the given range
a[1:4] will give ell
in Membership - Returns true if a
character exists in the given string
H in a will give 1
not in Membership - Returns true if a
character does not exist in the given
string
M not in a will give 1
r/R Raw String - Suppress actual meaning
of Escape characters.
print r'n' prints n and
print R'n' prints n
% Format - Performs String formatting See at next section

String Formatting Operator:
Format Symbol Conversion
%c character
%s string conversion via str() prior to formatting
%i signed decimal integer
%d signed decimal integer
%u unsigned decimal integer
%o octal integer
%x hexadecimal integer (lowercase letters)
%X hexadecimal integer (UPPERcase letters)
%e exponential notation (with lowercase 'e')
%E exponential notation (with UPPERcase 'E')
%f floating point real number
%g the shorter of %f and %e
%G the shorter of %f and %E

Other supported symbols and functionality are listed in the following
table:
Symbol Functionality
* argument specifies width or precision
- left justification
+ display the sign
<sp> leave a blank space before a positive number
# add the octal leading zero ( '0' ) or hexadecimal leading
'0x' or '0X', depending on whether 'x' or 'X' were used.
0 pad from left with zeros (instead of spaces)
% '%%' leaves you with a single literal '%'
(var) mapping variable (dictionary arguments)
m.n. m is the minimum total width and n is the number of digits
to display after the decimal point (if appl.)

Triple Quotes:
• Python's triple quotes comes to the rescue by allowing
strings to span multiple lines, including verbatim NEWLINEs,
TABs, and any other special characters.
• The syntax for triple quotes consists of three consecutive
single or double quotes.
para_str = """this is a long string that is made
up of several lines and non-printable characters
such as TAB ( t ) and they will show up that way
when displayed. NEWLINEs within the string,
whether explicitly given like this within the
brackets [ n ], or just a NEWLINE within the
variable assignment will also show up. """
print para_str;

Raw String:
• Raw strings don't treat the backslash as a special
character at all. Every character you put into a raw
string stays the way you wrote it:
print 'C:nowhere'
This would print following result:
C:nowhere
Now let's make use of raw string. We would put
expression in r'expression' as follows:
print r'C:nowhere'
C:nowhere

Unicode String:
• Normal strings in Python are stored internally as 8-bit ASCII,
while Unicode strings are stored as 16-bit Unicode. This
allows for a more varied set of characters, including special
characters from most languages in the world. I'll restrict my
treatment of Unicode strings to the following:
print u'Hello, world!'
Hello, world!

Built-in String Methods:
1 capitalize()
Capitalizes first letter of string
2 center(width, fillchar)
Returns a space-padded string with the original string centered to a total of width
columns
3 count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string))
Counts how many times str occurs in string, or in a substring of string if starting
index beg and ending index end are given
3 decode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')
Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the
default string encoding.
4 encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')
Returns encoded string version of string; on error, default is to raise a ValueError
unless errors is given with 'ignore' or 'replace'.
5 endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) ends with suffix; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
6 expandtabs(tabsize=8)
Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not
provided

7 find(str, beg=0 end=len(string))
Determine if str occurs in string, or in a substring of string if starting index beg and
ending index end are given; returns index if found and -1 otherwise
8 index(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found
9 isa1num()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric
and false otherwise
10 isalpha()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and
false otherwise
11 isdigit()
Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise
12 islower()
Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in
lowercase and false otherwise
13 isnumeric()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only numeric characters and false otherwise
14 isspace()
Returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise

15 istitle()
Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise
16 isupper()
Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in
uppercase and false otherwise
17 join(seq)
Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a
string, with separator string
18 len(string)
Returns the length of the string
19 ljust(width[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width
columns
20 lower()
Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase
21 lstrip()
Removes all leading whitespace in string
22 maketrans()
Returns a translation table to be used in translate function.
23 max(str)
Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str

24 min(str)
Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str
25 replace(old, new [, max])
Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new, or at most max occurrences if max
given
26 rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Same as find(), but search backwards in string
27 rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as index(), but search backwards in string
28 rjust(width,[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of
width columns.
29 rstrip()
Removes all trailing whitespace of string
30 split(str="", num=string.count(str))
Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of
substrings; split into at most num substrings if given
31 splitlines( num=string.count('n'))
Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs
removed

32 startswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) starts with substring str; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
33 strip([chars])
Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string
34 swapcase()
Inverts case for all letters in string
35 title()
Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase, and the
rest are lowercase
36 translate(table, deletechars="")
Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the
del string
37 upper()
Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase
38 zfill (width)
Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended
for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero)
39 isdecimal()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise

Python programming unit 2 -Slides-3.ppt

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Python programming unit 2 -Slides-3.ppt