![Pigenohole
• Pigenohole is a simple theory
– m objects divide into n classes
– at least [m/n] objects appears
• Application can be subtle
• Pigenohole and Ramsey are closely linked
– Some Ramsey can be proved by Pigenohole
– They both satisfy “how many elements can
guarantee a property”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ramseytheory-120916123118-phpapp01/85/Ramsey-theory-4-320.jpg)
![Small Ramsey Numbers
M N R(M,N) Reference
3 3 6 Greenwood and Gleason 1955
3 4 9 Greenwood and Gleason 1955
3 9 36 Grinstead and Roberts 1982
3 23 [136, 275] Wang et al. 1994
5 5 [43, 49] Exoo 1989b, McKay and
Radziszowski 1995
6 6 [102, 165] Kalbfleisch 1965, Mackey 1994
19 19 [17885, 9075135299] Luo et al. 2002
A joke about These Ramsey Number
R(5,5) ~R(6,6)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ramseytheory-120916123118-phpapp01/85/Ramsey-theory-14-320.jpg)
Ramsey theory
- 1. An Introduction to Ramsey Theory 2009.12.28
- 2. OUTLINE • History • Pigenohole • Ramsey Number • Other Ramsey Theory • Thinking about Ramsey
- 3. History • Frank Plumpton Ramsey 1903–1930 • British mathematician • Ramsey is a BRANCH of theory • Ramsey theory ask: "how many elements of some structure must there be to guarantee that a particular property will hold?"
- 4. Pigenohole • Pigenohole is a simple theory – m objects divide into n classes – at least [m/n] objects appears • Application can be subtle • Pigenohole and Ramsey are closely linked – Some Ramsey can be proved by Pigenohole – They both satisfy “how many elements can guarantee a property”
- 5. Example of Pigenohole • Review our homework: – Problem of “a country of six Islands ” • Proof:
- 6. Example of Pigenohole • If we reduce six people to five , does this property still hold? • The answer is NO!
- 7. Example of Pigenohole • Color a 4 x 7 chessboard with white and black.Prove there must exist a rectangle whose corner are in the same color. • Proof:
- 8. Example of Pigenohole • 4 x 6 counterexample
- 9. Ramsey Number • The Ramsey number R(m,n)gives the solution to the party problem, which asks the minimum number of guests R(m,n) that must be invited so that at least m will know each other or at least n will not know each other. • R(3,3)=6
- 10. Another Definition • In the language of graph theory, the Ramsey number is the minimum number of vertices v=R(m,n),such that all undirected simple graphs of order v contain a clique of order m or an independent set of order n . • Ramsey theorem states that such a number exists for all m and n.
- 11. Ramsey Number • It is easy to see: – R(m,n) = R(n,m) – R(m,2) = m • Try to calculate R(4,3)
- 12. Proposition of Ramsey Number • R(p1,p2)<=R(p1-1,p2)+R(p,p2-1) • Proof:
- 13. Ramsey Number • R(4,3)<=R(3,3) + R(4,2) <= 6 + 4 = 10 • R(4,3) = 9
- 14. Small Ramsey Numbers M N R(M,N) Reference 3 3 6 Greenwood and Gleason 1955 3 4 9 Greenwood and Gleason 1955 3 9 36 Grinstead and Roberts 1982 3 23 [136, 275] Wang et al. 1994 5 5 [43, 49] Exoo 1989b, McKay and Radziszowski 1995 6 6 [102, 165] Kalbfleisch 1965, Mackey 1994 19 19 [17885, 9075135299] Luo et al. 2002 A joke about These Ramsey Number R(5,5) ~R(6,6)
- 15. A generalized Ramsey number • A generalized Ramsey number is written r=R(M1,M2,…,Mk;n) • It is the smallest integer r such that, no matter how each n-element subset of an r-element sets is colored with k colors, there exists an i such that there is a subset of size Mi, all of whose n-element subsets are color i.
- 16. A generalized Ramsey number • R(M1,M2,…,Mk;n) • when n>2, little is known. – R(4,4,3)=13 • When k>2, little is known. – R(3,3,3)=14
- 17. A generalized Ramsey number • Ramsey number tell us that R(m1,m2,…,mk;n) always exist!
- 18. Other Ramsey Theory • Graph Ramsey Number • Ramsey Polygon Number • Ramsey of Bipartite graph • ……
- 19. Graph Ramsey Number • Given simple graphs G1,…,Gk,the graph Ramsey number R(G1,…,Gk) is the smallest integer n such that every k-coloring of E(Kn) contains a copy of Gi in color i for some i.
- 20. Thinking about Ramsey • Results in Ramsey theory typically have two primary characteristics: – non-constructive: exist but non-consturctive • This is same for pigeonhole – Grow exponetially: results requires these objects to be enormously large. • That’s why we still know small ramsey number • Computer is useless here!
- 21. Thinking about Ramsey • The reason behind such Ramsey-type results is that: “The largest partition class always contains the desired substructure.”
- 22. REFERENCES • Wikipedia • Ramsey Theory and Related Topics (Fall 2004, 2.5 cu) J. Karhumaki • Introduction to Graph Theory by Douglas B.West , 2-ed • Applications of Discrete Mathematics by John G. Michaels ,Kenneth H.Rosen