Reconfigurable of current-mode differentiator and integrator based-on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 1, February 2022, pp. 208~218
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp208-218  208
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Reconfigurable of current-mode differentiator and integrator
based-on current conveyor transconductance amplifiers
Soontorn Srisoontorn1
, Angkana Charoenmee1
, Suphaphorn Panikhom1
, Thitiporn Janda2
,
Suttipong Fungdetch2
, Khunpan Patimaprakorn3
, Adirek Jantakun1
1
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan,
Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, Thailand
2
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Technical Education, Rajamangala University of
Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, Thailand
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus,
Khon Kaen, Thailand
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 14, 2021
Revised Jun 16, 2021
Accepted Jun 29, 2021
The reconfigurable of the differentiator and integrator based on current
conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) have been presented in this
paper. The proposed configurations are provided with two CCTAs and
grounded elements. The configurations can be operated in the differentiator
and integrator by selecting external passive elements. The input and output
currents have low and high impedances, respectively; therefore, the
configurations can be cascaded without additional current buffer. The
proposed configurations can be electronically tuned by external direct
current (DC) bias currents, and it also has slight fluctuation with
temperature. An application of universal filter is demonstrated to confirm the
ability of the proposed configurations. The results of simulation with Pspice
program are accordance with the theoretical analysis.
Keywords:
CCTA
Current-mode
Differentiator
Grounded element
Integrator This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Adirek Jantakun
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Rajamangala University of Technology Isan
Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Email: Adirek.ja@rmuti.ac.th
1. INTRODUCTION
Analog signal processing circuits such as sinusoidal oscillator [1]-[5], and second-order filter [6]-
[10] have been numerously researched and published. Fundamentally, the background of these is synthesized
or designed with the differentiator or integrator [11]-[40]. They are designed or synthesized with the high-
performance active building block such as operational amplifier (OPAMP) [11], [12], [15], [36], current
conveyor second generation (CCII) [16], [17], [33], current feedback amplifier (CFA) [13], [18]-[20], [23],
[24], [27], [30]-[32], current controlled current feedback amplifier (CC-CFA) [21], current controlled current
differencing buffered amplifier (CCCDBA) [22], operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) [26], [35],
[39], current follower transconductance amplifier (CFTA) [28], and current conveyor transconductance
amplifier (CCTA) [40]. The remark details of them can be explained as follows.
The differentiators and integrators in [11], [12], [15], [36] are configured with OPAMP; however,
they have the uses of excessive external passive elements. The next circuits in [16], [17], [33], [34], [37] have
higher bandwidth than some researches as [11], [12], [15], but their time constant has not been tuned by
electronic method. Next, the CFA of [18], [19], [24], [27] implements the differentiator and integrator
circuits by using a lot of external passive elements. The proposed circuits in [13], [20], [23], [25], [30], [32]

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Reconfigurable of current-mode differentiator and integrator … (Soontorn Srisoontorn)
209
are designed for electronic tuning by using a multiplier circuit, but two types of the different active elements
have been used. The differentiators and integrators of [14], [21], [22], [28], [40] can be electronically tuned
the time constant although they are still sensitive to the temperature. Furthermore, some proposed circuits in
[11], [12], [15], [17]-[19], [22], [25], [30], [31], [37] use the floating capacitor that is not suitable for the
integrated circuit fabrication. The configurations in [13], [14], [23], [28], [34], [40] are operated in the
integrator while those in [15], [27] [31], [38], [39] are served to operated in the differentiator. The
comparison of the differentiator and integrator circuits can be shown in Table 1.
This paper presents two configurations of the current-mode differentiator and integrator with
temperature-insensitive. They have the same features and the uses of grounded passive elements which are
the ideal for the fabrication in IC. Furthermore, the configurations can be electronically controlled by direct
current (DC) bias currents of the current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCTA). The input and output
currents have low and high impedances, respectively, so they are appropriate for the configurations to be
cascaded without additional current buffers. An application of the configurations for filter is demonstrated.
The details of the proposed configurations can be explained in the following topics.
Table 1. The comparison of the differentiator and integrator and recent researches
Ref. Active elements No. of Active
elements
No. of R+C Floating C Matching
Condition
Electronic
tuned
Temperature
-insensitive
[11] OPAMP 2 7+3 Yes Yes No Yes
[12] OPAMP 2 6+1 Yes No No Yes
[13] CFA + Multiplier 2 1+1 No No Yes Yes
[14] CDDITA 1 0+1 No No Yes No
[15] OPAMP 1 7+2 Yes Yes No Yes
[16] CCII 1
1
Figure 2(a) 1+1
Figure 3(a) 2+1
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
[17] CCII 2 3+1 Yes No No Yes
[18] CFA 2 5+1 Yes Yes No Yes
[19] CFA 1
1
Figure 1 5+1
Figure 2 5+1
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
[20] CFA + Multiplier 2
2
Figure 1(a) 1+2
Figure 1(b) 2+1
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
[21] CC-CFA 1
1
Figure 3 0+1
Figure 4 0+1
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
[22] CCCDBA 1
1
Figure 1 0+1
Figure 2 0+1
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
2
Figure 2(a) 1+1
Figure 2(b) 1+1
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
[24] CFA 1
1
Figure 1(a) 3+2
Figure 1(b) 3+2
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
[25] CDBA + Multiplier 2 4+1 Yes No Yes Yes
[26] OTA 1
1
Figure 3(a) 0+1
Figure 3(b) 0+1
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
[27] CFA 1 5+1 No Yes No Yes
[28] CFTA 1 0+1 No No Yes No
[29] DVCC 1
1
Figure 1 1+2
Figure 2 2+1
No
No
Figure 1
Yes
Figure 2 No
No
No
Yes
Yes
2
Figure 1(a) 1+1
Figure 1(b) 1+1
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
[31] OTRA 1
1
Figure 7(a) 1+1
Figure 7(b) 1+1
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
2
Figure 2(a) 1+1
Figure 2(b) 1+1
Figure 1
No
Figure 2
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
[33] EXCCII 1 2+2 No No No Yes
[34] DDCC 1
1
Figure 3(a) 2+1
Figure 3(b) 1+1
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
[35] OPAMP+OTA 3 - No No Yes No
[36] OPAMP 1 6+1 Yes No Yes Yes
[37] CF 2 Figure 4 1+1 Yes No Yes Yes
[38] CCCII 2 0+1 No No Yes No
[39] OTA 2 0+1 No No Yes No
[40] CCTA 1 0+1 No No Yes No
Proposed
configurati
ons
CCTA 2
2
Figure 3(a) 1+1
Figure 3(b) 1+1
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 1, February 2022: 208-218
210
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The explanation of the research chronology, including the current conveyor transconductance
amplifier (CCTA), proposed confiurations, computer simulation, and conclusion can be detailed as follows.
2.1. The CCTA details
The synthesis of analog circuit using active building block has constantly become interesting and
understood [41]-[43]. CCTA is an active building block used for realization. Thus, this section describes the
CCTA properties since the CCTA is the main active building block in our proposed circuit. The CCTA was
researched and published by Prokop and Jesda [44]. It was versatile in analog signal processing and also
extremely used in the current-mode and voltage-mode circuits. The ideal characteristic of the CCTA can be
described by (1):
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
y x
y
x
z z
m
o o
I I
V
V
I V
g
I V
   
 
   
 
   
 
=
   
 
   
 

   
 
   
, (1)
where gm is the transconductance gain of the CCTA. The electrical symbol and equivalent circuit of the
CCTA is presented in Figure 1 (a) and 1 (b), respectively. The BJT implementation of the CCTA is shown in
Figure 2. The gm of CCTA is presented as in (2):
2
B
m
T
I
g
V
= , (2)
where VT is the thermal voltage and about 26 mV. It is evident that IB is the external DC bias current for
adjusting gm; this is called electronic tune.
B
I
y
x z
o
CCTA
y
i
x
i z
i
o
i
y
V
x
V z
V
o
V 1
y
x
o
x
i
x
i
m Z
g V

z
(a) (b)
Figure 1. CCTA (a) electrical symbol, and (b) equivalent circuit
CC
V
7
Q
8
Q
6
Q
10
Q
11
Q 12
Q 14
Q
13
Q
3
Q 4
Q
5
Q
15
Q
16
Q
17
Q 18
Q
19
Q
20
Q 21
Q
22
Q
23
Q
24
Q
A
I
y x
B
I
o
EE
V
28
Q
29
Q
25
Q
27
Q
26
Q
30
Q
32
Q
31
Q
z
1
Q 2
Q
9
Q
-o
Figure 2. The internal construction of the CCTA
2.2. The proposed configurations
The proposed configurations based on CCTAs and grounded elements can be simply realized and
illustrated in Figure 3. It is interesting that both configurations show the same efficiency. They are provided

211
with two CCTAs and grounded elements which are suitable for the integrated circuit architecture [2].
Especially, the input and output impedances of the configurations are low and high, respectively, that is
idealization for the current-mode configuration [9]. To realize the corresponding transfer functions of the
proposed configurations in Figure 3, the ideal characteristic of CCTA can be used. They are found that the
current transfer functions of the proposed configurations are the same as the (3).
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑠)
𝐼𝑖𝑛(𝑠)
=
𝑔𝑚1𝑍1
𝑔𝑚2𝑍2
(3)
To accomplish the current transfer functions, 𝑔𝑚1 and 𝑔𝑚2 in (3) can be substituted, the transfer
function of the proposed configurations can be represented as (4).
𝐼𝑖𝑛(𝑠)
=
𝐼𝐵1𝑍1
𝐼𝐵2𝑍2
(4)
From the (4), it is noticeable that the gain of proposed circuits can be electronically controlled/tuned with
external DC bias currents 𝐼𝐵1 and 𝐼𝐵2 or both. Furthermore, the transfer function without terms of VT in our
proposed circuits are free from the temperature of an environment.
y
x
z
o
out
I
1
CCTA
in
I
2
CCTA
z
x
y
o
−
2
Z
1
Z
y
x
z
o
out
I
1
CCTA
in
I
2
CCTA
z
x
y
o
−
2
Z
1
Z
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Proposed configurations
2.3. The operation of differentiator
The proposed configurations in Figure 3 can be operated to the differentiator by setting 𝑍1 = 𝑅1 and
𝑍2 = 1/𝐶1𝑆. It is seen that the capacitor 𝐶1 is connected to the ground at high-impedance port of CCTA,
which is beneficial to elimination/compensation of the internal capacity of CCTA and parasitic capacity at
circuit node. Furthermore, the grounded resistor 𝑅1 is connected at low-impedance port, which is the suitable
support of internal resistance of the CCTA. The current transfer function of (4) then turns into the following (5).
𝐼𝑖𝑛(𝑠)
=
𝐼𝐵1
𝐼𝐵2
𝑅1𝐶1𝑠 = 𝜏𝑠 (5)
Where  is time constant and it will be equal to:
𝜏 =
𝐼𝐵1
𝐼𝐵2
𝑅1𝐶1 (6)
The magnitude of current transfer function is proportionally dependent on the frequency that is (7).
1
1 1
2
( )
( )
out B
in B
I j I
R C
I j I



= . (7)
Moreover, the magnitude can be tuned by external DC bias currents 𝐼𝐵1 and 𝐼𝐵2 or both. The phase response
is exhibited in (8).

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212
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑗𝜔)
𝐼𝑖𝑛(𝑗𝜔)
=
𝐼𝐵1
𝐼𝐵2
𝑅1𝐶1𝜔𝑒𝑗90
(8)
The phase response of the output signal 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 and input signal 𝐼𝑖𝑛 is 90
shift for all frequencies.
2.4. The operation of integrator
The operation of integrator can be operated by configuring 𝑍1 = 1/𝐶1𝑆 and 𝑍2 = 𝑅1 as Figure 3.
Then the current transfer function is modified as (9).
1
2 1 1
( ) 1
( )
out B
in B
I s I
I s I R C s s

= = , (9)
Where  is defined as (10).
𝜏 =
𝐼𝐵2𝑅1𝐶1
𝐼𝐵1
(10)
From (9), the magnitude can be analyzed by (11).
1
2 1 1
( )
( )
out B
in B
I j I
I j I R C

 
= . (11)
The magnitude can be easily operated by adjusting both of the external bias currents 𝐼𝐵1 and 𝐼𝐵2. For
realization of the phase response, it can be depicted as (12).
90
1
2 1 1
( )
( )
j
out B
in B
I j I
e
I j I R C

 
−
= (12)
It is sure that the phase of output signal 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 is lagging of input signal 𝐼𝑖𝑛 which is 90
.
2.5. Non-ideal analysis
For non-ideal analysis, we examine the transfer errors of CCTA due to the mismatch of the internal
construction and parasitic elements of the CCTA. The characteristic of the CCTA with the tracking errors can
be shown in (13).
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
y x
y
x
z z
m
o o
I I
V
V
I V
g
I V



   
 
   
 
   
 
=
   
 
   
 

   
 
   
(13)
Where 𝛾 is the voltage transfer error gain between x port and y port, 𝛼 is the current transfer error gain
between x port and z port, and 𝛽 is the transconductance error between z port to o port. These errors are
deviated from the ideal unity that are called tracking errors. The current transfer function of the proposed
configurations can be re-analyzed as in (14):
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
( )
( )
out m
in m
I s g Z
I s g Z
 
  
= . (14)
However, these errors can be easily compensated/eliminated by slightly adjusting the DC bias currents of
CCTA.
2.6. The sensitivity analysis
The sensitivities of active and passive elements must be analyzed since the performances of
proposed configurations are deviated by the tolerances of the elements. The sensitivities of proposed
differentiator are calculated as in (15).

213
1 1 1 2
1, 1, 0
B B T
I R C I V
S S S S S
    
= = = = − = (15)
Then the sensitivities of integrator can be declared by (16).
1 2 1 1
1, 1, 0
B B T
I I R C V
S S S S S
    
= − = = = = (16)
It can be seen that the sensitivities of active and passive elements are low, which are equal unity in
magnitude. In addition, the sensitivities of temperature are equal to zero, which are the proposed
configuration insensitivities of temperature.
2.7. An application for filters
An application for filters is designed by cascading differentiators as the topology shown in Figure 4.
The time constants are defined as 𝜏1 =
𝐼𝐵1
𝐼𝐵2
𝑅1𝐶1 and 𝜏2 =
𝐼𝐵3
4
𝑅2𝐶2. The output responses are composed of
low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass. The transfer function of them can be depicted in (17)-(19).
2 4
1 3 1 2 1 2
2 4 2 4
3 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 2
( )
( )
B B
B B
LP
B B B
in
B B B
I I
I I R R C C
I s
I I I
I s
s s
I R C I I R R C C
=
+ +
(17)
4
3 2 2
2 4 2 4
3 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 2
( )
( )
B
B
BP
B B B
in
B B B
I
s
I R C
I s
I I I
I s
s s
I R C I I R R C C
=
+ +
, (18)
and
2
2 4 2 4
3 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 2
( )
( )
HP
B B B
in
B B B
I s s
I I I
I s
s s
I R C I I R R C C
=
+ +
. (19)
2s

−
BP
I
LP
I HP
I
in
I
 1s

Figure 4. Topology of filter
The pole frequency (𝜔𝑝) and the quality factor (𝒬𝑃) can be expressed as:
𝜔𝑝 = √
𝐼𝐵2𝐼𝐵4
𝐼𝐵1𝐼𝐵3𝑅1𝑅2𝐶1𝐶2
(20)
and
𝒬𝑃𝑝
= √
𝐼𝐵2𝐼𝐵3𝑅2𝐶2
𝐼𝐵1𝐼𝐵4𝑅1𝐶1
(21)

 ISSN: 2088-8708
214
The pole frequency and the quality factor are electronically tunable by adjusting the bias currents
𝐼𝐵1, 𝐼𝐵2, 𝐼𝐵3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐵4. In addition, the pole frequency can be freely tuned without affecting the quality of factor
by simultaneously adjusting 𝐼𝐵2 = 𝐼𝐵4 = 𝐼𝐹.
3. COMPUTER SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
The theoretical analysis will be confirmed by using the computer simulation. The Pspice program
and the internal construction of the CCTA in Figure 2 are used for the simulation. The positive-negative-
positive (PNP) and negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistors uses the parameters of the PR200N and
NR200N bipolar transistors of ALA400 transistor array. The proposed configuration in Figure 3(a) is chosen
as an example for confirmation of theoretical analysis. The active elements are bias with ±1.5 V supply
voltages and DC bias currents are 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐵1 = 𝐼𝐵2 = 100 𝜇𝐴.
The proposed configuration was demonstrated for the differentiator by setting 𝑍1 = 𝑅1 = 2.4 𝑘Ω
and 𝑍2 = 𝐶1 = 0.5 nF. The first result is shown in Figure 5; it is the gain and phase response of the proposed
differentiator against frequencies. It is found that the simulation result agrees with the theory. The gain
responses can be demonstrated with adjusting the DC bias current of CCTA, when they are defined as
𝐼𝐵2 = 100 𝜇𝐴 and varied as 𝐼𝐵1 = 50 𝜇𝐴, 100 𝜇𝐴, 200 𝜇𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 400 𝜇𝐴, respectively. It is evident that the
theoretical and simulation results of gain responses in Figure 6 are very compatible. The confirmation of our
proposed differentiator for the temperature-insensitive is verified by swepting temperature of 0, 25, 75 and
100 degree Celsius. The simulation result in Figure 7 is very satisfying because the curves of gain and phase
responses of our proposed differentiator are slightly dependent on temperature.
The time domain responses can be investigated by feeding a sinusoidal signal of 130.6 kHz
frequency with 80 𝜇𝐴𝑝 − 𝑝 amplitude into the input of proposed circuit. When the proposed circuit is kept
constant, then the external passive elements and the bias of active elements as above are mentioned. The
current input (𝐼𝑖𝑛) and output (𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡) waveforms are displayed in Figure 8. The obtained results show that the
phase shift between (𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡) and (𝐼𝑖𝑛) is about 90
as the Lissajous shown in Figure 9.
-100
-50
0
50
100
-80
-40
0
40
Gain
Phase
Simulation
Theoretical
Gain(dB)
Phase(D)
100 1.0k 10k 100k 1.0M 10M
Frequency(Hz)
-100
-50
0
50
Gain(dB)
100 1.0k 10k 100k 1.0M 10M
Frequency(Hz)
1
1
1
1
2
50μA
100μA
200μA
400μA
100μA
B
B
B
B
B
I
I
I
I
I
=
=
=
=
=
Simulation
Theoretical
Figure 5. Gain and phase response Figure 6. Adjustment of gain response with IB1
-200
-100
0
100
-100
-50
0
50
0
25
75
100




Gain(dB)
Phase(D)
100 1.0k 10k 100k 1.0M 10M
Frequency(Hz)
-50
0
50
Iin
Iout
Amplitude(mA)
20 30 40 50
Time(ms)
Figure 7. Gain and phase response due to difference
temperatures
Figure 8. The time domain response of our proposed
circuit

215
The adjustment of the current gain of our proposed circuit can be demonstrated with tuning the DC
bias current, 𝐼𝐵1, which are 𝐼𝐵1 = 50 𝜇𝐴, 100 𝜇𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 150 𝜇𝐴, respectively. The simulation result is shown
in Figure 10 and also the current gain is given as 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, respectively. Figure 11 depicts the
temperature effect of the proposed differentiator when the temperature is varied as 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100
degree Celsius. It can be seen that the current output waveforms are constant by different temperature, which
is in accordance with theoretical analysis in (4).
One of the differentiator properties is the transformation of the triangle wave to square wave. In this
case, we feed the signal of the triangular wave with 200 kHz frequency and 200 𝜇𝐴 into the input of
proposed differentiator. The results can be shown in Figure 12 which are the input and output waveforms of
proposed circuit. The temperature is varied as 0, 25, 75 and 100 degree Celsius as the results of simulations
shown in Figure 13. It is found that the output waveforms slightly affect the temperature.
The simulation of universal filter is set as 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 2.4 𝑘Ω and 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0.5 𝑛𝐹. The bias
currents are configured with 𝐼𝐵2 = 𝐼𝐵4 = 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝐵4 = 100 𝜇𝐴. The gain responses of filters are plotted in
Figure 14. There are low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass responses. The pole frequency and the quality factor
are about 127.05 kHz and 1, respectively. The confirmation of temperature insensitive of filters can be shown
by varying the temperature as 0, 25 50 75 and 100 degree Celsius. It can be clearly seen that the simulation
results in Figure 15 are slightly dependent on temperature. The tuning of the pole frequency can be simulated
in Figure 16 by tuning the bias currents as 𝐼𝐵2 = 𝐼𝐵4 = 𝐼𝑓 = 50 𝜇𝐴, 100 𝜇𝐴 and 200 𝜇𝐴, respectively. The
pole frequencies are varied to 63.97 kHz, 127.05 kHz and 251.18 kHz, respectively. Therefore, the
configurations are ideally offered for using in communication systems and other applications.
-50 50
-50
0
50
0
I
out
(mA)
Iin(mA)
1
1
1
2
50μA
100μA
150μA
100μA
B
B
B
B
I
I
I
I
=
=
=
=
20 30 40 50
Time(ms)
-80
0
80
Amplitude(mA)
Figure 9. Lissajous figure of input and output
waveforms
Figure 10. Amplitude of output signal with 𝐼𝐵1 variations
20 30 40 50
Time(ms)
-50
0
50
Amplitude(mA)
0
25
50
100




40 44 48 52 56 60
Time(ms)
Iout
Iin
0
-150
150
Amplitude(mA)
Figure 11. Output waveforms with different
temperatures
Figure 12. Input and output waveforms

 ISSN: 2088-8708
216
0
25
75
100




40 44 48 52 56 60
Time(ms)
0
-150
150
Amplitude(mA)
Frequency(Hz)
10k 100k 1.0M
LPF
BPF
HPF
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Gain(dB)
Figure 13. Output waveforms due to different
temperatures
Figure 14. Gain responses of filters
LPF
BPF
HPF
0
25
75
100




Frequency(Hz)
10k 100k 1.0M
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Gain(dB)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Gain(dB)
63.97kHz
127.05kHz
251.18kHz
Figure 15. Gain responses of filters due to difference
of the temperatures
Figure 16. Gain responses of band-pass due to
difference of the pole frequency
4. CONCLUSION
The two configurations of differentiator and integrator were presented. They are similarly
configured and featured. The proposed configurations are configured of 2 CCTAs and grounded elements.
The input and output impedance of configurations are low and high, respectively. They are operated to
differentiator and integrator by the selection of external passive elements. Furthermore, the proposed
configuration can be electronically tuned that is suitable for using in communication or control systems.
Moreover, they are not sensitive to the temperature. An application of the configuration for filter shows the
usability. The performances of our proposed configurations are verified by Pspice program. The simulation
results are in line with the theoretical analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Faculty of Engineering, under Grant ENG28/62, Rajamangala
University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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