Return Oriented Programming (ROP) Based Exploits - Part I
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The document discusses return-oriented programming (ROP) exploits, including methods for bypassing exploit mitigation technologies such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). It provides insights into constructing ROP chains using existing executable instructions and highlights strategies for discovering ROP gadgets. Additionally, it outlines necessary Windows API functions to manipulate memory protections to facilitate executing shellcode.
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2) Writing x64 shellcode and understanding differences from x86 in CPU registers and the kernel ABI.
3) Performing DL-injection attacks by injecting a dynamic library to override functions like getuid() and bypass authentication.
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ruby2600 - an Atari 2600 emulator written in Ruby
ruby2600 - an Atari 2600 emulator written in RubyCarlos Duarte do Nascimento An emulator of the Atari 2600 game console was created entirely in Ruby using a test-driven approach. The emulator, called ruby2600, simulates the 6507 CPU, TIA graphics chip, and RIOT I/O chip in software through classes that represent each chip's functionality. Over 1,700 tests cover the CPU instruction set. The modular design allows each component to be developed and tested independently, and potential optimizations like JRuby were discussed to improve performance.
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Return Oriented Programming (ROP) Based Exploits - Part I
- 2. Return Oriented Programming (ROP) Based Exploits - Part I
- 3. Exploit - ex·ploitto use selfishly for one's own ends
- 4. Exploit DiscoveryBig space in computer security Exploits are discovered by Security Researchers and Hackers alikeZero day attacks are a result of newly created exploits or un-patched vulnerabilities
- 5. Exploit MitigationWindows XP Sp2 was the first widespread OS to incorporate exploit mitigationProtected stack metadata (Visual studio compiler/ GS flag)Protected heap metadata (RtlHeap Safe Unlinking)SafeSEH (Compile time execution handler registration)Software, Hardware enforced Data Execution Prevention (DEP)Windows Vista implements Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)
- 6. Break the mitigationBlackHat PresentationsSecurity ForumsBlogs
- 7. Whose responsibility is it to mitigate ?Heap ProtectionSEH Chain validationDEPASLRStack CookiesSafe SEH
- 8. DEP - Data Execution PreventionWhen an attempt is made to execute code from a DEP protected data page,an access violation (STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005)) will occur. In most cases, this will result in process termination (unhandled exception).
- 9. DEP - Data Execution PreventionWithout DEP OnWith DEP On
- 10. ProblemWith DEP on, code from the stack won’t work
- 11. Work-AroundWe need to build a chain of instructions. We need to jump from one part of the chain to the other part of the chain without ever executing a single bit from our DEP protected region. Or, to use a better term, we need to return from one instruction to the address of the next instructionEach instruction (series of instructions) in our chain will be called a "gadget". Each gadget will return to the next gadget ( = to the address of the next gadget, placed on the stack), or will call the next address directly.We will need to use existing instructions (instructions in executable areas within the process)and put them in such an order (and "chain" them together) so they would produce what we need and put data in registers and/or on the stack
- 12. LetterThe chocolate bombs you sent, bombs they are in size . Received them, yesterday. Planted the rose plant, bomb was delicious … had to mention again. Set to go for shopping, 5 p.m. tomorrow. The chocolate bombs you sent, bombs they are in size . Received them, yesterday. Planted the rose plant, bomb was delicious … had to mention again. Set to go for shopping, 5 p.m. tomorrow. ThebombsReceivedyesterday PlantedbombSet5 p.m. tomorrow
- 13. Don’t sleep yet
- 14. GadgetWe need to take a value from the stack, put it in EAX, and increase it with 0×80
- 15. GadgetWe need to take a value from the stack, put it in EAX, and increase it with 0×80-- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- WindowsFunction_1()ADD EBX, 30TEST AL, ALPOP EAXRETPOP EAXRETADD EAX, 80POP EBXRET-- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- WindowsFunction_2()INC EAXADD EAX, 80POP EBXRET-- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- - - --
- 16. Gadget Stack address Stack value ESP points here -> 0010F730 10026D56 (pointer to POP EAX + RET) 0010F734 50505050 (this will be popped into EAX) 0010F738 1002DC24 (pointer to ADD EAX,80 + POP EBX + RET) 0010F73C DEADBEEF (this will be popped into EBX, padding)
- 17. Windows Function Calls to bypass DEPVirtualAlloc(MEM_COMMIT + PAGE_READWRITE_EXECUTE) + copy memory. This will allow you to create a new executable memory region, copy your shellcode to it, and execute itHeapCreate(HEAP_CREATE_ENABLE_EXECUTE) + HeapAlloc() + copy memory. SetProcessDEPPolicy()NtSetInformationProcess()VirtualProtect(PAGE_READ_WRITE_EXECUTE). This function will change the access protection level of a given memory page, allowing you to mark the location where your shellcode resides as executable.WriteProcessMemory()
- 18. Windows Function Calls to bypass DEPEach one of those functions requires the stack or registers to be set up in a specific way.when an API is called, it will assume that the parameters to the function are placed at the top of the stack (= at ESP)
- 19. How to chainDemo
- 20. Finding ROP gadgetsThere are 2 approaches to finding gadgets that will help you building the ROP chain : You can specifically search for instructions and see if they are followed by a RET. The instructions between the one you are looking for, and the RET instruction (which will end the gadget) should not break the gadget. You can look for all RET instructions and then walk back, see if the previous instructions include the instruction you are looking for. pvefindaddr
- 21. First part of the ExploitTesting ROP with a Windows APIVirtualProtect()Demo
- 22. Now you can sleep
- 23. Thank You