Return-Oriented Programming: Exploits Without Code Injection

Feb 28, 20098 likes1,523 views

The document discusses return-oriented programming, which allows arbitrary computation without code injection by chaining together small "gadgets" found in program code or libraries. It presents the thesis that any sufficiently large program codebase contains enough gadgets to enable Turing-complete computation by controlling the program stack. The technique works by diverting the control flow to return addresses on the stack rather than injecting code. It poses a threat to security systems like W^X that aim to prevent code injection.

Return-Oriented Programming: Exploits Without Code Injection

The document introduces Return Oriented Programming (ROP) and its core concepts. It discusses how Data Execution Prevention (DEP) prevents execution of injected shellcode by marking the stack and heap as non-executable. ROP overcomes this by chaining together small snippets of existing code (called "gadgets") in libraries and binaries to achieve arbitrary code execution. This is done by creating fake stack frames and controlling the instruction pointer (EIP) to return to addresses of gadgets. An example demonstrates overflowing a function and making it return to another function by placing a fake stack frame.

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The document discusses return-oriented programming (ROP), an advanced exploitation technique used to leverage buffer overflow vulnerabilities by chaining short instruction sequences known as 'gadgets' to perform arbitrary computations. It provides a historical background of ROP, examples of its uses in computer worms, and various countermeasures to mitigate such vulnerabilities. Additionally, it includes a demonstration of a ROP compiler, ropgadget, which helps identify available gadgets within a binary.

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Return oriented programming (ROP) allows an attacker to bypass address space layout randomization (ASLR) and data execution prevention (DEP). It works by identifying small "gadgets" in a program's code that end with a return instruction. These gadgets can be stitched together to perform operations or redirect execution flow. First, gadgets are found in the program using tools like ROPeMe or objdump. Useful gadgets include those that load registers from memory or call functions indirectly. The gadgets can then be chained to build ROP payloads that copy shellcode into memory and pivot the stack to execute it.

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