Scalable JavaScript

Large Scale JavaScript
Code Architecture
The Module Pattern
Memory Management
Performance
Monday, January 28, 13

The World’s Most
Misunderstood Programming
Language

Agenda
• JavaScript Short History
• Code Architecture For An App
• Module Pattern
• Memory Management Pitfalls

History
• 1995 Bredan Eich started
developing a new language for
Netscape Navigator 2.0
• Original name was LiveScript
• Renamed to JavaScript Dec
that year
• 1996 MS responded with
JScript
• Nov 1996 - Netscape submits
JavaScript to ECMA

State Of JavaScript
• Used for frontend web based
development for desktop and
mobile
• Used for server side
development using Node.JS
• Embedded in desktop
applications using various JS
interpreters
• Used in Windows 8 to write
apps

Key Concepts In JavaScript
• It’s interpreter based (though engines are highly optimized)
• It’s loosely typed
• Objects are just hash tables
• Look Ma, OO Without Classes
• Prototypical Inheritance

JavaScript Objects
• Objects are containers for data
and functions
• They hold key/value pairs
• key is a string (or else it is
stringified)
• value can be anything
name Ynon Perek
website
http://
www.ynonperek.com

JavaScript Objects
• Define an object with {...}
• Add key/value pair by assigning
to it
• Remove key/value pair with
delete
• Print an object with
console.dir(...)
• Try not to change them too
often
var me = {
name: 'ynon',
email: 'ynon@ynonperek.com'
};

me.web = 'ynonperek.com';
delete me.web;

var key = 'likes';
me[key] = 'JavaScript';

console.dir( me );

JavaScript Objects Quiz
• What Happens Here ?
var o = {};
o[0] = 5;
o['0'] = 7;

console.log(o[0]);


JavaScript Objects Quiz
• 7 is printed.
• Remember, keys are stringified
var o = {};
o[0] = 5;
o['0'] = 7;

console.log(o[0]);


new Object(...) Quiz
• What Is Printed Here:
var a = { foo: 7 };
var b = new Object('foo', 7);
var c = new Object(1, 2, 3);
var d = new Object([1,2,3]);
var e = new Object({'foo' : 7});

console.dir( a );
console.dir( b );
console.dir( c );
console.dir( d );
console.dir( e );

new Object(...) Quiz
• What Is Printed Here:
// { foo: 7 }
console.dir( a );

// { '0': 'f', '1': 'o', '2': 'o' }
console.dir( b );

// {}
console.dir( c );

// [1, 2, 3]
console.dir( d );

// { foo: 7 }
console.dir( e );
var a = { foo: 7 };
var b = new Object('foo', 7);
var c = new Object(1, 2, 3);
var d = new Object([1,2,3]);
var e = new Object({'foo' : 7});


Tip: Always prefer {...} over new Object()

Maker Functions
Creating Class-Like Interfaces

Classes are important
• They make it easy to create new objects
• They make it less error prone
• They help JavaScript engines optimize
• They make our code readable

Maker Functions as classes: Take #1
• Works, but not scalable
function Person(name, age) {
this.hello = function() {
console.log( name );
};
}

var p = new Person('Jim', 12);
p.hello();

• What happens here ?
this.met = 0;

this.hello = function() {
this.met += 1;
console.log( name + ' Met ' + this.met + ' people' );
};
}

p.hello();

setTimeout( p.hello, 10 );

JavaScript Objects Gotchas
• Methods are bound on invocation and not on declaration.
• Only closures are bound on declaration.
• Solution: Replace this with closures.

var self = this;

self.met = 0;

self.hello = function() {
self.met += 1;
console.log( name + ' Met ' + self.met + ' people' );
};
}

p.hello();

setTimeout( p.hello, 10 );

Prototype Chain
Person
age : 12
Student
grade : 90
Freshman
goto: party
Worker
salary : 3800
Freshman.grade === 90 // from Student
Student.age === 12 // from Person
Worker.age === 12 // from Person
Worker.salary === 3800 // from Worker

Prototype Chain
• Every JavaScrip Object has a prototype
• When the JS interpreter fails to find a property in the object, it searches the
prototype
• A prototype can also have its own prototype, that’s why we call it a chain
• Define A Prototype by assigning value to the .prototype key in the maker
function
• Tip: Use prototypes for functions, not for data

Demo: Defining A Prototype without Data
var PersonPrototype = {
hi: function() {
console.log('Hi ! ');
}
};

function Student(age, gradesArray) {
...
}

Student.prototype = PersonPrototype;

var me = new Student(20, [90, 80, 70, 80]);
console.log( me.grade() );

// Works from the prototype
me.hi();

Prototype and Class Interaction
• Since methods are bound on invocation, inside the prototype this usually
refers to the child object
• Use this to add data to the original object
• Use this to read data from the original object
• Never store data on the prototype itself (it’ll be shared).

Demo: Prototype and Class Interaction
var PersonPrototype = {
_age: 0,

hi: function() {
console.log('Hi ! ' + this._age);
},

grow_up: function() {
this._age += 1;
}
};
// Works from the prototype
me.hi();

me.grow_up();

me.hi();

console.log('Me: ');
console.dir( me );

console.log('Prototype: ');
console.dir( PersonPrototype );

Prototypes: Common Pitfalls
• Don’t use closures when defining prototypes.
• This will save the data on the prototype object.
• The data is then shared between all objects using the same prototype.

Prototypes Lab
• Write a Maker Function for a Car object. Car should provide max_speed()
and drive() functions.
• Write maker functions for 3 car models (Mitsubishi, BMW and Mazda). Use
Car as their prototype. Make sure max_speed returns the correct value for
each model.
• Add a Race class which takes multiple cars from diﬀerent models, and prints
out which is the fastest.

Code Architecture
For An App
Avoiding Global Objects
Using Namespaces
Using Single Var Statement

JavaScript Bad Choice
• By default, all variables are global
• By global - we mean properties of the global object
Global
Object
function foo
function bar
number n
String name

Variable Scoping Options
• A Variable can be defined either on the global object, or on a function object
• To define a lexical function variable, use the keyword var inside a function
function foo() {
var n = 5;
var m = 8;
}

What’s Wrong With Globals
• Bad Programming Style
• Globals make it hard to write and use libraries
• Globals are never garbage-collected

Eliminating Globals Is Hard
var main = function() {
var x = 5, y = 7;

for ( var i=0; i < 10; i++ ) {
console.log( x + y );
x += y;
}
};

main();

But It’s Possible
(function() {
var x = 5, y = 7;

for ( var i=0; i < 10; i++ ) {
console.log( x + y );
x += y;
}
}());

When Globals Are Inescapable
• Define and use a namespace
• Define classes (Make functions)
• You’ll need a global to share data between code written in multiple files
• Demo: Using Globals

What’s Variable Hoisting And Why You Should Care
• JavaScript can only create variables as attributes of objects
• In global scope, they’re attributes of the global object
• In function scope, they’re attributes of the function calling object
• Since variables are not lexically scopes, some interesting bugs arise

Hoisting Bug
• Buggy Code:
http://jsbin.com/iveteb/1/edit
• Fixed Version:
http://jsbin.com/iveteb/2/edit

Possible Workaround
• Avoid using multiple var statements inside a function
• It won’t prevent the bug, but at least it’ll be easier to spot
• Remember: Only functions have variables

Q & A
Globals and Namespaces

Dynamic Module
Loading
What’s Wrong With <script>
How: Require.JS To The Rescue
Require.JS Plugins. OMG

Using <script> Tags
main.js
author.js
library.js
book.js
dom.js
<script src="dom.js"></script>
<script src="author.js"></script>
<script src="book.js"></script>
<script src="library.js"></script>
<script src="main.js"></script>

Disadvantages Of Script Tags
• No Hierarchy in modules
• No optional modules
• Slower code loading (Need to wait for EVERYTHING to load)
• Too many globals

Hello Require.JS
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<script data-main="scripts/main" src="http://
cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.1.1/require.min.js"></
script>
</body>
</html>

Hello Require.JS - Defining A Module
// book.js
define(function() {
return function(title, author) {
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.year = new Date().getUTCFullYear();
};
});

Hello Require.JS - Defining A Module
// book.js
define(function() {
return function(title, author) {
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.year = new Date().getUTCFullYear();
};
});
Note the return value
of the callback define takes

Hello Require.JS - Using A Module
// main.js
define(['book'], function(Book) {
var foo = new Book('JS Rocks', 'Jim');
console.dir( foo );
});

Hello Require.JS - Using A Module
// main.js
var foo = new Book('JS Rocks', 'Jim');
console.dir( foo );
});
Define can take an array of dependencies as its first
argument. It’ll call the callback passing each module
as argument
return value of book.js

Require and Browser Cache
• By default require instructs the browser to cache all modules
• For development, you can override it by setting urlArgs
• For production, add a constant version value
<script>
require.config({
urlArgs: "bust=" + new Date().getTime()
});

</script>

What We Got From Require.JS
• No need for global variables or namespaces
• JavaScript files can declare dependencies between each other
• No need to manually set <script> tags order

Require.JS In Depth
• Defining Modules
•

Defining Modules
• Use define({...}) to define an object that has no dependencies
//Inside file my/shirt.js:
define({
color: "black",
size: "unisize"
});

Defining Modules With Initialization Code
• Use define(function() { ... } ) to define a module that has initialization code
• Example:
//my/shirt.js now does setup work
//before returning its module definition.
define(function () {
//Do setup work here
return {
color: "black",
size: "unisize"
}
});

Defining A Module With Dependencies
• Use define([array], function(...) {}) to define a module with dependencies
• All dependencies will be loaded async, and then your callback function is
invoked, with all dependencies as arguments

Defining A Module With Dependencies
• Example:
//my/shirt.js now has some dependencies, a cart and inventory
//module in the same directory as shirt.js
define(["./cart", "./inventory"], function(cart, inventory) {
//return an object to define the "my/shirt" module.
return {
color: "blue",
size: "large",
addToCart: function() {
inventory.decrement(this);
cart.add(this);
}
}
}
);

Using Maker Functions As Modules
• define’s callback’s return value can be anything
• Returning a Maker Function from the callback results in a “Class”
• Usage:
var book = new Book();
});

Modules Notes
• Define only one module per file
• Don’t do circular dependencies (but if you must, here’s how to do it right:
http://requirejs.org/docs/api.html#circular)
• Modules are loaded by adding <script> tags to head (head.appendChild()).

Require Configuration
<script>
require.config({
option: value
});

</script>

Supported Options
• baseUrl: Root path to use for all modules lookup. Defaults to the path of the
main script, or the location of containing HTML.
• shim: allow using require(...) on old modules by telling require how they work.
Example:
shim: {
'backbone': {
deps: ['underscore', 'jquery'],
//Once loaded, use the global 'Backbone' as the
//module value.
exports: 'Backbone'
},

Supported Options
• waitSeconds: timeout to wait for a module. Defaults to 7.
If set to 0, waits forever.
• enforceDefine: throws an error if trying to load a script that’s not AMD nor
defined in a shim
• urlArgs: extra query string data (useful to disable cache)

Demo: Using Vendor Libraries
• Use require config to include vendor libraries from a CDN
• You can even pass an array to provide local fallback
requirejs.config({
paths: {
jquery: [
'http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.4/
jquery.min',
//If the CDN location fails, load from this location
'lib/jquery'
]
}
});

Handling Errors
• Define a global requirejs.onError function to handle errors
• Function takes two arguments: error object and (optional) modules array
requirejs.onError = function(etype, emod) {
console.log('error');
console.dir( etype );
console.dir( emod );
}

Q & A
Require.JS

Require.JS Lab
• Write a Quiz App:
• A Common Question Prototype Module
• A Module for Multiple Choice Question
• A Module for scale (1-5) question
• A Module for the Quiz (has an array of questions)
• Use Require.JS to load them

JavaScript Memory
Management
Memory Lifecycle
Garbage Collector
Common Leaks

Memory Lifecycle
• All languages are the same:
• (1) Allocate some memory
• (2) Use that memory
• (3) Free that memory
• In JS, #3 is implicit

Memory Is Allocated When You Define Literals
var n = 123;
var s = "azerty";
var o = {
a: 1,
b: null
};
var a = [1, null, "abra"];
function f(a){
return a + 2;
}
someElement.addEventListener('click', function(){
someElement.style.backgroundColor = 'blue';
}, false);

Hidden Memory Allocations
var d = new Date();
var e = document.createElement('div'); // allocates an DOM
element
var s = "foo";
var s2 = s.substr(0, 3); // s2 is a new string
var a = ["ouais ouais", "nan nan"];
var a2 = ["generation", "nan nan"];
var a3 = a.concat(a2);

Releasing Memory
• JavaScript uses Mark-And-Sweep garbage collection algorithm
• It starts from known memory (global object)
• Follows all references
• In the end, clear the unreachable

Objects Graph
window (global)

Objects Graph
window (global)
global var1 global obj DOM nodes

Objects Graph
window (global)
global var1 global obj
var2 (referenced from var1)
DOM nodes

Objects Graph
window (global)
global var1 global obj DOM nodes
Closure referenced from DOM
node

Cleaning Up Memory
• Avoid global variables
• A global is NEVER freed
• A lexical is freed when out-of-scope
• Limit cache sizes
• Don’t use old IE (6-7)

Common Leak: Hanging Detached Nodes
<button>Click Me</button>
<div>10</div>
<script>
var btn = document.querySelector('button');
var counter = 10;
var div = document.querySelector('div');
btn.addEventListener('click', function() {

if ( counter < 0 ) return;

counter -= 1;
div.innerHTML = counter;
if ( counter == 0 ) {
div.parentElement.removeChild(div);
}
});
</script>

Fix By Using Lexicals
<button>Click Me</button>
<div>10</div>
<script>
var btn = document.querySelector('button');
var counter = 10;
btn.addEventListener('click', function() {
var div = document.querySelector('div');
if ( counter < 0 ) return;

counter -= 1;
div.innerHTML = counter;
if ( counter == 0 ) {
div.parentElement.removeChild(div);
}
});
</script>

Common Leak: Unlimited Cache Size
var cache = {};

var fib = function(n) {
if ( ! cache[n] ) {
if ( n < 2 ) {
cache[n] = 1
} else {
cache[n] = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
}
}
return cache[n];
};

Fix: Smart Caching
• Define Cache() class to take
size limit on ctor (or use default)
• Cache.add should check if has
enough space, or remove old
elements
• Bonus: play with keep/remove
strategies to reach maximum
performance
var cache = new Cache(10);

var fib = function(n) {
if ( ! cache[n] ) {
if ( n < 2 ) {
cache.add(n, 1 );
} else {
cache.add(n, fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) );
}
}
return cache.get(n);
};

Common Error: Keeping Multiple Function Copies
• Each function takes space in
memory
• A constructor that puts
functions directly on the object
makes the object larger
• Many objects that share the
same function are a waste
var Person = function() {
var self = this;

self.hi = function() {
console.log('Hello World!');
};

self.grow_up = function() {
self.age += 1;
};

self.age = 0;
};

Fix: Use Prototypes
• Functions are defined in
prototypes
• Data is defined in object
• Use bind when you need to use
a function as an event handler
• Note: Can hurt readability
var PersonActions = {
hi: function() {
console.log('Hello World!');
},
grow_up: function() {
this.age += 1;
}
};
Person.prototype = PersonActions;

Tools For Memory Management
• Chrome Task Manager,
available from:
• Tools->Task Manager
• If memory tab is hidden, turn it
on via context menu

• Chrome Memory Timeline
• Available from Developer Tools

• Chrome Heap Profiler
• Available from Developer Tools

Q & A
Memory Management

Thanks For Joining
• Slides By:
• Ynon Perek
• ynon@ynonperek.com
• http://ynonperek.com
• Free photos from:
• 123rf.com
• http://morguefile.com

Scalable JavaScript

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