Secure PostgreSQL deployment
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Magnus Hagander PostgreSQL supports several options for securing communications when deployed outside the typical webserver/database combination. This talk will go into some details about the features that make this possible, with some extra focus on the changes in 8.4. The main areas discussed are: * Securing the channel between client and server using SSL, including an overview of the threats and how to secure against them * Securing the login process, using LDAP, Kerberos or SSL certificates, including the use of smartcards to log into the database The talk will not focus on security and access control inside the database once the user is connected and authenticated.
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Secure PostgreSQL deployment
- 1. Secure PostgreSQL Deployments JDCon-East 2010 Philadelphia, PA Magnus Hagander Redpill Linpro AB
- 2. There's much to security ● Identify the threats ● Apply the correct measures – Don't do things just because you can
- 3. Not in this talk ● Application security ● Data Access Control ● Data Encryption ● etc ● etc
- 4. Definitely not in this talk ● Unix vs Windows ● Linux vs BSD ● SELinux/SEPostgreSQL ● Any other religion
- 5. In this talk! ● Authentication methods ● Connection security
- 6. Authentication methods ● How do we determine who the user is ● When do we determine who the user is
- 7. pg_hba.conf ● Lets you use different auth methods from different clients ● Not just limited to username/password ● For convenience or security ● Internal or external
- 8. pg_hba.conf local all all trust host all all 127.0.0.1/32 trust host webdb webuser 10.0.0.0/24 md5 host all @dba 192.168.0.0/24 gss
- 9. Trust Authentication ● Any user can be anyone he/she claims to be!
- 10. Trust Authentication ● Any user can be anyone he/she claims to be! ● Anyone think this is a bad idea?
- 11. Username/password ● Normally, use md5 method – crypt has been removed, avoid plaintext ● What everybody does ● What everybody expects
- 12. LDAP authentication ● To the client, username/password ● Backend verification is off-loaded to directory server ● Common in enterprise deployments ● Password policies, expiry, etc
- 13. LDAP authentication ● Single password not single signon PostgreSQL ct Server onne 1. C sw o rd pa s qu est ord 2. Re assw e nd p 3. S Client LDAP Server
- 14. LDAP news in 9.0 ● search/bind combination ● Can use non-cn fields in login – Anything that's LDAP searchable – Common choice: uid
- 15. RADIUS (new in 9.0) ● Remote Authentication Dial In User Service ● Simple single-packet UDP service ● Original use-case: ISP dialup ● Common for one-time passwords, etc ● Good policy frameworks
- 16. Kerberos/GSSAPI/SSPI ● Single signon ● Same benefits as LDAP (mostly) ● Most common: Active Directory ● («krb5» is deprecated)
- 17. Kerberos/GSSAPI/SSPI ● Single password not single signon PostgreSQL t Server nt ticke 3. Prese 1. Req u est tic ket Client 2. Ret urn tic KDC ket
- 18. PAM ● Provided by OS ● Can do password, LDAP, etc ● Can also do Kerberos & friends ● One-time passwords – RSA SecurID, Vasco, etc – RADIUS (no need in 9.0)
- 19. SSL
- 20. SSL secured connections ● Encryption ● Man-in-the-middle protection ● Authentication
- 21. SSL secured connections ● Enabled on the server (ssl=yes) – Platform quirks! ● Optionally required through pg_hba ● Optionally required in libpq
- 22. SSL secured connections ● Need to protect data in both directions ● For example username/password ● Must know before connection is started – Unknown equals unprotected
- 23. SSL encryption ● SSL always requires a server certificate ● Can be self-signed ● Does not need to be known by client
- 24. Certificate chains Issuer Root certificate Issuer Intermediate certificate Issuer Server certificate
- 25. Certificate chains Self-signed certificate Issuer Root certificate Issuer Intermediate certificate Issuer Server certificate
- 26. SSL secured connections Client Server
- 27. Threats handled by SSL: Eavesdropping SELECT * FROM secret_stuff Client Server
- 28. Eavesdropping ● Prevented by encrypting all data ● Key negotiation is automatic – On initial connection – After 512Mb traffic ● Server certificate used but not verified
- 29. Key renegotiation ● Broken in the SSL protocol – OOPS! ● Fixed SSL libraries are available ● Broken fixes were pushed by vendors ● ssl_renegotiation_limit = 512MB
- 30. Threats handled by SSL: Man in the middle Valid SSL session Valid SSL session Fake server Client Server
- 31. SSL server verification ● On top of encryption ● Validate that the server is who it claims to be ● CA issues certificate, can be self- signed ● CA certificate known by client
- 32. Threats handled by SSL: Man in the middle Valid SSL session Fake server Client Server
- 33. SSL client authentication ● On top of encryption ● Normally on top of server verificateion, but not necessary ● CA issued certificate on client ● Match CN on certificate to user id ● Protect client certificate!
- 34. SSL client authentication PostgreSQL te Server ertifica esent c 1. Pr Client
- 35. SSL client certificates ● Can also be used together with other authentication ● Require client certificate ● Also require e.g. username/password
- 36. SSL in libpq ● Controlled by sslmode parameter ● Or environment PGSSLMODE ● For security, must be set on client – Remember, unknown = unsecure
- 37. Summary of libpq SSL modes Compatible with server set Protect against Performance to... Client Eavesdrop MITM SSL required SSL disabled overhead Mode disable no no FAIL works no allow no no works works If necessary prefer no no works works If possible require yes no works FAIL yes verify-ca yes yes works FAIL yes verify-full yes yes works FAIL yes
- 38. Summary of libpq SSL modes Compatible with server set Protect against Performance to... Client Eavesdrop MITM SSL required SSL disabled overhead Mode disable no no FAIL works no allow no no works works If necessary prefer no no works works If possible require yes no works FAIL yes verify-ca yes yes works FAIL yes verify-full yes yes works FAIL yes
- 39. Summary of libpq SSL modes Compatible with server set Protect against Performance to... Client Eavesdrop MITM SSL required SSL disabled overhead Mode disable no no FAIL works no allow no no works works If necessary prefer no no works works If possible require yes no works FAIL yes verify-ca yes yes works FAIL yes verify-full yes yes works FAIL yes
- 40. Summary of libpq SSL modes Compatible with server set Protect against Performance to... Client Eavesdrop MITM SSL required SSL disabled overhead Mode disable no no FAIL works no allow no no works works If necessary prefer no no works works If possible require yes no works FAIL yes verify-ca yes yes works FAIL yes verify-full yes yes works FAIL yes
- 41. Not a bad idea: ipsec ● If already deployed ● Application transparent ● Global policies ● Integrated management ● Somebody Elses Problem?
- 42. Secure PostgreSQL Deployments Questions? [email protected] Twitter: @magnushagander http://blog.hagander.net