SGN Introduction to UNIX Command-line 2015 part 1
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This document provides an introduction to UNIX commands presented at a workshop on March 17, 2015. It covers navigating file systems, wildcards and shortcuts, file permissions, compression and networking commands, text file manipulation, command line pipelines, and an introduction to bash scripts. The document explains that most biological data analysis software uses UNIX command lines, data analysis on servers is faster, and NGS files require command line tools due to their large size.
![Sol Genomics Network
Escaping special characters
Tip: file names in lower
case and with underscores
instead of spaces
! @ $ ^ & * ~ ? . | / [ ] < > ` " ;# ( )
Use tab key to
autocomplete names
ls my folder list a folder containing a space
ls my_folder list a folder](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sgnintroductiontounixcommand-line20151-151112200643-lva1-app6892/85/SGN-Introduction-to-UNIX-Command-line-2015-part-1-15-320.jpg)
SGN Introduction to UNIX Command-line 2015 part 1
- 1. Sol Genomics Network Introduction to UNIX command-line Boyce Thompson Institute March 17, 2015 Lukas Mueller & Noe Fernandez
- 2. Sol Genomics Network • Terminal file system navigation • Wildcards, shortcuts and special characters • File permissions • Compression UNIX commands • Networking UNIX commands • Basic NGS file formats • Text files manipulation commands • Command-line pipelines • Introduction to bash scripts Class Content
- 3. Sol Genomics Network What is a virtual machine?
- 4. Sol Genomics Network What is a terminal?
- 5. Sol Genomics Network Origins of Linux.The UNIX operating system
- 6. Sol Genomics Network Why use command-line? • Most software for biological data analysis is used through UNIX command-line terminal • Most of the servers for biological data analysis use Linux as operative system • Data analysis on calculation servers are much faster since we can use more CPUs and RAM than in a PC (e.g.: Boyce servers has 64 cores and 1TB RAM) • Large NGS data files can not be opened or loaded in most of GUI-based software and web sites • Compression commands are useful, since NGS large data files usually are stored and shared as compressed files
- 7. Sol Genomics Network Text handling commandsText handling commands command > file saves STDOUT in a file command >> file appends STDOUT in a file cat file concatenate and print files cat file1 file2 > file3 merges files 1 and 2 into file3 cat *fasta > all.fasta concatenates all fasta files in the current directory head file prints first lines from a file head -n 5 file prints first five lines from a file tail file prints last lines from a file tail -n 5 file prints last five lines from a file less file view a file less -N file includes line numbers less -S file wraps long lines grep ‘pattern’ file Prints lines matching a pattern grep -c ‘pattern’ file counts lines matching a pattern cut -f 1,3 file retrieves data from selected columns in a tab-delimited file sort file sorts lines from a file sort -u file sorts and return unique lines uniq -c file filters adjacent repeated lines wc file counts lines, words and bytes paste file1 file2 concatenates the lines of input files paste -d “,” concatenates the lines of input files by commas sed transforms text File system CommandsFile system Commands ls lists directories and files ls -a lists all files including hidden files ls -lh formatted list including more data ls -t lists sorted by date pwd returns path to working directory cd dir changes directory cd .. goes to parent directory cd / goes to root directory cd goes to home directory touch file_name creates en empty file cp file file_copy copy a file cp -r copy files contained in directories rm file deletes a file rm -r dir deletes a directory and its files mv file1 file2 moves or renames a file mkdir dir_name creates a directory rmdir dir_name deletes a directory locate file_name searches a file man command shows commands manual top shows process activity df -h shows disk space info Networking CommandsNetworking Commands wget URL download a file from an URL ssh user@server connects to a server scp copy files between computers apt-get install installs applications in linux Compression commandsCompression commands gzip/zip compress a file gunzip/unzip decompress a file tar -cvf groups files tar -xvf ungroups files tar -zcvf groups and gzip files tar -zxvf gunzip and ungroups files UNIX Command-Line Cheat Sheet BTI-SGN Bioinformatics Course 2014 •File system commands File system navigation http://www.slideshare.net/NoFernndezPozo/unix-command-sheet2014 https://btiplantbioinfocourse.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/unix_command_sheet_2014.pdf Download the cheat sheet from:
- 8. Sol Genomics Network File system navigation File Browser Terminal =
- 9. Sol Genomics Network Home and Root directories /bin, /lib, /usr code and code libraries /var logs and other data /home user directories /tmp temporary files /etc configuration information /proc special file system in Linux /home/bioinfo /home/noe /home/noe/Desktop Root directory Home directory
- 10. Sol Genomics Network Anatomy of a UNIX command grep -c -A 3 --ignore-case file.txt command Simple option flag (short form) option (long form)option with argument argument man grep print grep manual
- 11. Sol Genomics Network ls, cd and pwd to navigate the file system • where am I? pwd • how to change current directory cd • what files and directories are in my current directory? ls pwd return current work directory
- 12. Sol Genomics Network ls list directories and files in current directory ls lists directories and files ls -a list all directories and files, including hidden files ls -l -h -t time sorted ls -lhS size sorted ls -l -h list in long format human readable
- 13. Sol Genomics Network ls lists directories and files r readable w writable x executable or searchable - not rwx d Directory - Regular file d rwx r-x r-x user group other owner user permissions owner group date File namesizelinks #
- 14. Sol Genomics Network Use up and down arrows to navigate the command history Wildcards, history and some shortcuts ls *txt ls P*s list files starting with P and ending with s, e.g.: Pictures, Photos, Programs ... list all txt files in current directory ctrl-c stop process ctrl-a go to begin of line ctrl-e go to end of line ctrl-r search in command history
- 15. Sol Genomics Network Escaping special characters Tip: file names in lower case and with underscores instead of spaces ! @ $ ^ & * ~ ? . | / [ ] < > ` " ;# ( ) Use tab key to autocomplete names ls my folder list a folder containing a space ls my_folder list a folder
- 16. Sol Genomics Network Use tab key to autocomplete names cd changes directory cd Desktop changes directory to Desktop cd .. goes to parent directory cd goes to home directory cd / goes to root directory cd - goes to previous directory
- 17. Sol Genomics Network Absolute and relative paths ls /home/user/Desktop list files in Desktop using an absolute path ls Desktop/ list files in Documents using a relative path (from your home: /home/bioinfo) ls ~/Desktop list files in Desktop using your home as a reference
- 18. Sol Genomics Network Absolute and relative paths ls /home/bioinfo/Desktop ls ~/Desktop Absolute paths do not depend on where you are ~/ is equivalent to /home/bioinfo/
- 19. Sol Genomics Network Absolute and relative paths ls ../Documents cd Desktop/ goes to Desktop from when you are in your home (/home/bioinfo) list files from Documents when you are in Desktop
- 20. Sol Genomics Network Create, copy, move and delete files touch tmp_file.txt creates an empty file called tmp_file.txt cp tmp_file.txt file_copy.txt copies tmp_file.txt in file_copy.txt rm file.txt deletes file.txt mv file1.txt file2.txt moves or rename a file Tip: file names in lower case and with underscores instead of spaces
- 21. Sol Genomics Network Locate a file locate unix_class_file_samples.zip Locate the path for the file unix_class_file_samples.zip locate unix_class Locate the path for all the files containing unix_class
- 22. Sol Genomics Network Create, copy and delete directories mkdir dir_name creates an empty directory called dir_name rmdir dir_name deletes dir_name directory if it is empty cp -r dir_name dir_copy copy dir_name and its files in a new folder rm -r dir_name delete dir_name and its files
- 23. Sol Genomics Network wc file counts lines, words and bytes paste file1 file2 concatenates the lines of input files paste -d “,” concatenates the lines of input files by commas sed transforms text locate file_name searches a file man command shows commands manual top shows process activity df -h shows disk space info Networking CommandsNetworking Commands wget URL download a file from an URL ssh user@server connects to a server scp copy files between computers apt-get install installs applications in linux Compression commandsCompression commands gzip/zip compress a file gunzip/unzip decompress a file tar -cvf groups files tar -xvf ungroups files tar -zcvf groups and gzip files tar -zxvf gunzip and ungroups files Text handling commandsText handling commands command > file saves STDOUT in a file command >> file appends STDOUT in a file cat file concatenate and print files cat file1 file2 > file3 merges files 1 and 2 into file3 cat *fasta > all.fasta concatenates all fasta files in the current directory head file prints first lines from a file head -n 5 file prints first five lines from a file tail file prints last lines from a file tail -n 5 file prints last five lines from a file less file view a file less -N file includes line numbers less -S file wraps long lines grep ‘pattern’ file Prints lines matching a pattern grep -c ‘pattern’ file counts lines matching a pattern cut -f 1,3 file retrieves data from selected columns in a tab-delimited file sort file sorts lines from a file sort -u file sorts and return unique lines uniq -c file filters adjacent repeated lines wc file counts lines, words and bytes paste file1 file2 concatenates the lines of input files paste -d “,” concatenates the lines of input files by commas sed transforms text File system CommandsFile system Commands ls lists directories and files ls -a lists all files including hidden files ls -lh formatted list including more data ls -t lists sorted by date pwd returns path to working directory cd dir changes directory cd .. goes to parent directory cd / goes to root directory cd goes to home directory touch file_name creates en empty file cp file file_copy copy a file cp -r copy files contained in directories rm file deletes a file rm -r dir deletes a directory and its files mv file1 file2 moves or renames a file mkdir dir_name creates a directory rmdir dir_name deletes a directory locate file_name searches a file man command shows commands manual top shows process activity df -h shows disk space info Networking CommandsNetworking Commands wget URL download a file from an URL ssh user@server connects to a server scp copy files between computers apt-get install installs applications in linux Compression commandsCompression commands gzip/zip compress a file gunzip/unzip decompress a file tar -cvf groups files tar -xvf ungroups files tar -zcvf groups and gzip files tar -zxvf gunzip and ungroups files UNIX Command-Line Cheat Sheet BTI-SGN Bioinformatics Course 2014 Compression commands tar -zcvf file.tar.gz f1 f2 groups and compress files tar -zxvf file.tar.gz decompress and ungroup a tar.gz file files, directories or wildcards
- 24. Sol Genomics Network Compression commands gzip f1.txt gunzip file.gz unzip file.zip decompress file.zip zip file.zip f1 f2 compress files f1 and f2 in file.zip compress file f1.txt in f1.txt.gz decompress file.gz
- 25. Sol Genomics Network Text handling commandsText handling commands command > file saves STDOUT in a file command >> file appends STDOUT in a file cat file concatenate and print files cat file1 file2 > file3 merges files 1 and 2 into file3 cat *fasta > all.fasta concatenates all fasta files in the current directory head file prints first lines from a file head -n 5 file prints first five lines from a file tail file prints last lines from a file tail -n 5 file prints last five lines from a file less file view a file less -N file includes line numbers less -S file wraps long lines grep ‘pattern’ file Prints lines matching a pattern grep -c ‘pattern’ file counts lines matching a pattern cut -f 1,3 file retrieves data from selected columns in a tab-delimited file sort file sorts lines from a file sort -u file sorts and return unique lines uniq -c file filters adjacent repeated lines wc file counts lines, words and bytes paste file1 file2 concatenates the lines of input files paste -d “,” concatenates the lines of input files by commas sed transforms text File system CommandsFile system Commands ls lists directories and files ls -a lists all files including hidden files ls -lh formatted list including more data ls -t lists sorted by date pwd returns path to working directory cd dir changes directory cd .. goes to parent directory cd / goes to root directory cd goes to home directory touch file_name creates en empty file cp file file_copy copy a file cp -r copy files contained in directories rm file deletes a file rm -r dir deletes a directory and its files mv file1 file2 moves or renames a file mkdir dir_name creates a directory rmdir dir_name deletes a directory locate file_name searches a file man command shows commands manual top shows process activity df -h shows disk space info Networking CommandsNetworking Commands wget URL download a file from an URL ssh user@server connects to a server scp copy files between computers apt-get install installs applications in linux Compression commandsCompression commands gzip/zip compress a file gunzip/unzip decompress a file tar -cvf groups files tar -xvf ungroups files tar -zcvf groups and gzip files tar -zxvf gunzip and ungroups files UNIX Command-Line Cheat Sheet BTI-SGN Bioinformatics Course 2014 •Networking commands Networking Commands
- 26. Sol Genomics Network scp [email protected]:/home/noe/file.txt . copy file.txt from your home in the server to the current directory in your computer Networking Commands wget http://btiplantbioinfocourse.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/unix_command_sheet_2014.pdf downloads the UNIX command line cheat sheet PDF file ssh user_name@server_adress connects your terminal to your account in a server Tip: use the command pwd to get the path for cp and scp
- 27. Sol Genomics Network scp file.txt [email protected]: copy file.txt from the current directory in my computer to my home in the server Networking Commands ssh [email protected] connects my terminal to my account Boyce, the BTI server scp -r dir/ [email protected]: copy the folder dir and all its files and subdirectories to my home in the server
- 28. Sol Genomics Network Useful commands in the server top display and update sorted information about processes df -h shows disk space information
- 29. Sol Genomics Network q quit u user (top -u user) M sort by memory usage Top displays and update sorted information about processes
- 30. Sol Genomics Network Commands to install software sudo apt-get install pbzip2 installs pbzip2 in your computer call the command with super user permissions aptitude search blast sudo aptitude install blast2
- 31. Sol Genomics Network 1. Go to your Desktop directory using the command cd 2. Use the command touch to create a file called: Do not Use “special characters” in file names!.txt 3. Use the command rm to delete that file 4. Use the command mkdir to create a folder called unix_data in your desktop 5. Copy the file unix_class_file_samples.zip from your folder Data, in your home, to the folder unix_data, in your desktop 6. Uncompress the file unix_class_file_samples.zip in /home/bioinfo/Desktop/unix_data 7. Use the command rm with the option -r to remove the _MACOSX folder 8. Use the command wget to download the “UNIX command line cheat sheet” PDF from: https://btiplantbioinfocourse.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/unix_command_sheet_2014.pdf Exercises