SQL201W MySQL SQL Manual

Orange Coast Database Associates Course (800)355-9855 or http://www.d2associates.com

SQL201W Accelerated Introduction
to SQL Using MySQL

Orange Coast
Database Associates

Specializing in Microsoft Office,
Access, SQL, and related technologies
Classes custom designed for Working Professionals
http://www.d2associates.com
San Juan Capistrano, CA
(800)355-9855

Accelerated Computer Training for Working Professionals Bookstore Case

Welcome to SQL201W –
Accelerated Introduction to
SQL Using MySQL
An accelerated introduction to SQL for non-
programmers

P.O. Box 6142
Laguna Niguel, CA 92607
949-489-1472

Bookstore SQL201W 1

SQL
• Introduction (s)
• Facilities
• Course Packet (contents may vary)
– Student questionnaire
– Collaterals (Maps, Catalogs, Etc.)
– PowerPoint handouts for all sessions
– Evaluation form
– Training certificate

Bookstore SQL201W 2

1

SQL Curriculum

SQL201W SQL202 SQL212
MySQL Transact-SQL Oracle

SQL200* * = included in
above courses
SQL200S*

Bookstore SQL201W 3

Accelerated Introduction to SQL
• Assumes no prior knowledge of SQL
• Quick pace for experienced computer users
• End-user, not programmer, oriented
• Focus is on SQL, not Management Studio
• SQL200s is first two modules of SQL200,
otherwise identical.

Bookstore SQL201W 4

2

SQL
SQL Covered (Day 1: All Day):
• Select
– Basic
– Filters
– Special Operators
– Multi-table retrieval
• Joins
• Subqueries
• Unions
– Calculations and
Aggregates

Bookstore SQL201W 5

SQL
SQL Covered (Day 2: AM Only):
• Data Updates
– Insert
– Update
– Delete

• Data structures
– Create
– Drop
– Alter

Bookstore SQL201W 6

3

SQL
Course Format:

• 3 Sessions
• Lecture
• Demo
• Student “hands-on”
• Many exercises are cumulative –
later examples build on queries
created earlier

Bookstore SQL201W 7

SQL
Course Schedule (“1/2” day sessions):

• Session 1 – Basic SQL
• Session 2 – Multi-table
Retrieval
• Session 3 – Modifying Data

Bookstore SQL201W 8

4

SQL201W

SQL Programming
Based on SQL Clearly Explained by Jan Harrington

Module 1 – Relational Database Background,
Basic Single Table Retrieval Operations

Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 1

Note on SQL200 Slides
• These slides were originally designed to support the
single SQL200 course which was used for any of
MS Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any
one of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the various
vendor slides out into their own slide sets. The
SQL200 slides will cover MySQL and SQL Server
which are virtually identical for purposes of this
course.


1

Warning!
• Below are some table name changes to be
aware of in doing queries. We have created
synonyms so either name should work.

New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled
Order_Lines Orderlines


SQL200 Contact Information

P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472
slides.1@dhdursoassociates.com
Copyright 2001-2011. All rights reserved.


2

SQL200 Resources
• Bookstore database scripts found on
box.net at
http://tinyurl.com/SQLScripts
• Slides can be viewed on SlideShare…
http://www.slideshare.net/OCDatabases
• Follow up questions?
sql.support@dhdursoassociates.com


SQL Programming
• Course focus is SQL language
• Widely used for:
– Database administration
– Enterprise application development
– Data driven web sites
• A foundation skill for eBusiness and
almost all major business applications that
use relational databases


3

SQL Programming
• A basic knowledge of query systems,
perhaps via MS Access, or some
programming knowledge, is desirable
• We will use GUI tools or SQL Plus almost
exclusively


Relational Database Evolution
• Based on Codd’s paper
• Early commercial efforts focused on Unix
• First mainframe implementation by IBM -
precursor to today’s DB2
• First PC implementation in early 80’s by
Oracle


4

Relational Database Basics
• Storage • Indexes
• Databases • Views
• Tables • Cursors
• Rows • Application interfaces
• Columns


Relational Database Table


5

Constraints
• Database • Other Business Rule
– Domain – Triggers
– Uniqueness – Stored Procedures
– Relationship
Cardinality
• 1 to 1
• 1 to N


Relational Database with constraints


6

Database Management Systems

Positioning Chart

Cost VLDB
Enterprise
Workgroup
Single user
Spreadsheet
# Users

System Architecture

File Server
Architecture
Access
MDB

Access


7

System Architecture

Client/Server
Architecture
MySQL
SQL DB

Visual Access
Basic App


System Architecture

Web
Architecture
Web MySQL
Server DB

SQL
Browser


8

Approaching SQL
• Relatively simple
• Two main environments
– Interactive (This course)
– Embedded
• Static (Compiled)
• Dynamic


SQL Standardization
ANSI standardization
– First standard in 1986
– SQL 89
– SQL 92
– SQL 99
• Various vendor extensions
– Microsoft/Sybase: T-SQL
– Oracle: PL/SQL


9

SQL Conformance
• Entry
• Intermediate
• Advanced
• Most are at least entry level


SQL Statements

• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Note: SQL 99 changes these to seven types


10

SQL DDL
• Data definition language (DDL)

– Create, alter, drop, etc.
– Frequently implemented via various CASE
tools: Visio, Embarcadero, ERWin, etc.
– But very useful for database administration


SQL DCL
• Data Control Language (DDL)

– Grant
– Revoke
– Deny
– Constraints


11

SQL DML
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Select
– Insert
– Update
– Delete


SQL Statement Processing

Parse

Validate

Optimize

Access Plan

Execute


12

Bookstore Sample Database

• Before we continue (note: instructor may have
already done this)…
• Load the sample database if you haven’t already
– Start the MySQL Control center
– Load and run the MySQL
“builddb_bookstore_mysql.sql” script


Text Conventions
• In Access character strings are normally
surrounded by double quotes
– “Jones”
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle or
MySQL enclose text strings in single
quotes
– ‘Jones’


13

Date Conventions
• In an enterprise database such as Oracle or
SQL Sever, enclose dates in single quotes
– ‘2004-12-23’ MySQL
– ’12-23-2004’ SQL Server
– ’23-DEC-04’ Oracle


Listing the Tables


14

Describing a Table


Select statement clauses
SELECT…
INTO…
FROM…
WHERE…
GROUP BY…
HAVING…
ORDER BY…

15

SELECT

Basic Syntax (Projection):
Select <column-list> or <*>
From <table-list>


SELECT

Basic Example (Projection):
select
customer_last_name,
customer_street
from customers


16

MySQL Select Query


SELECT with Where Clause

Example (Restriction plus Projection):
Select <column-list> or *
From <table-list>
Where <selection-criteria>;


17

Comparison Operators
• < less than
• > greater than
• <= less than or equal to
• >= greater than or equal to
• = equal to
• <> or != two forms for not equal


SELECT with Where
Basic Example (Restriction plus
Projection):
select customer_last_name,
customer_street
from customers
where customer_last_name =
‘Jones’

18

Select with Where


On Your Own
• Find books written by Mark Twain
• Show title, publisher, year


19

Complex Predicates
Follow normal boolean logic
Select customer_last_name,
customer_street
From customers
Where (customer_last_name =
‘Jones’ or customer_last_name =
‘Smith’)and customer_state=‘NY’


Select with Complex Where


20

Complex Where Result


Special Operators
• Can be used in where clause
• LIKE
• IN
• BETWEEN
• IS NULL


21

Like (“Wild Card Matches”)
• ANSI wildcards
• Where
customer_last_name
like ‘Jo%’
like ‘Jo_’


IN

Select *
From customers
Where customer_last_name in
(‘Rizzo’, ‘Jones’, ‘Garcia’);

The list in parentheses can be replaced by a
subquery. We will study this later.

22

Select Like


SQL Where Clause with IN


23

IS NULL
SQL uses three valued logic. Must use IS NULL
to test for unknowns. A null is NOT the same as
blank or empty.

Select *
From customers
Where customer_street IS
NULL;


IS NULL Results


24

On Your Own
• Find all customers with an address not equal to
4592 Maple Lane
• Was Peter Johnson selected?
• Why or why not?


BETWEEN
List all orders placed in 1999.

select *
from orders
where order_date BETWEEN ‘1-
Jan-99’ and ’31-Dec-99’;

Note: date formats vary from product to product.


25

Where with Between


Removing Duplicates
List once each city in which there are
customers

Select DISTINCT
customer_city
From customers;
Removes duplicate rows from result set

26

Removing Duplicates


Sorting – ORDER BY
Basic syntax:

Select <column list> or *
From <table list>
Where <selection criteria>
Order by <column list> [DESC]

DESC will sort in descending order


27

Sorting – ORDER BY
List all records sorted by state, city

select *
from customers
order by customer_state,
customer_city


Sorting Results with Order By


28

SQL Exercises
• List all books whose publisher name begins
with “H” or “T”; sort by title [hint: use LIKE]
• List all customers whose last name ends with
“S”; sort by state, city, last name
• Find the order numbers of orders with order
dates in 1999; sort by order #. [Hint: use
BETWEEN]
• Find the order numbers and order dates of all
orders with a “2” in character position 2 of the
credit card #; sort by order date descending
Bookstore SQL201W Module 1 [end module] 57

Notes


29

Notes


Notes


30

SQL201W

SQL Programming

Workshop 2 – Joins, Calculations and Grouping


single SQL200 course which was used for any of MS
Access, MySQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any one of
the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the various vendor
slides out into their own slide sets. The SQL200 slides
will cover MySQL and SQL Server which are virtually
identical for purposes of this course.


1

Warning!

New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled



P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472
Copyright 2001-20011 All rights reserved.


2

SQL200 Resources
box.net at


SQL201W

SQL Programming

Part 1 – Joins


3

Relational Database with constraints (from text)


More conventions
• Alias names can be surrounded with “ “ as
in “order details”. Better practice is to use
an underscore as in order_details.
• MS Access uses [ ] instead. Some of the
PowerPoint slides may have this
convention. It works equally as well in
SQL Server but not MySQL.


4

Joins
• Inner
• Outer
– Left
– Right
– Full
• Cross
• Self
• Theta
• We will cover the most important; others as time
and interest permit


5

Inner Join
• Pairs each row from first table with
corresponding row from second table over
the “join column”
• The result set only contains rows where
there is a match over the join column in
both tables
• Equi-join is the common inner join


Inner Join

Older Syntax:
Select <column-list>
From <tablelist>
Where <predicate>
Still very commonly used


6

Inner Join

Example using older syntax:
SELECT customer_first_name,
customer_street, order_numb,
order_date
from customers, orders
Where customers.customer_numb =
orders.customer_numb


Inner Join with Result


7

Inner Join (New Syntax)

Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
From <table1>
Inner join <table2>
On <join condition>


Inner Join

Basic Example:
order_date
from customers
inner join orders
on customers.customer_numb =
orders.customer_numb


8

Inner Join with Result


Inner Join over Multiple columns

• Note that that the join condition can apply
to multiple columns if desired
• Used with composite keys


9

Inner Join Result in MS Access


Inner Join

• In the last example…
– What was the cardinality of the relationship
between customers and orders?
– Which table was the parent?
– What was it’s primary key?
– In which table did we employ a foreign key
and what was it?


10

Cross Join
• What happens when you omit a join
expression?
• Get the cartesian product of the tables – all
possible combinations of the two tables
• For large tables this will run a long time!


Cross Join Result Set


11

Additional SQL92 Syntax
• Table1 natural join table3 – automatically
uses columns with same name
• Table 1 natural join table2 using(<column-
list>
• Not yet widely available in commercial
implementations


Joining More than Two Tables
• Can join several tables in one select
• Try to limit to three or four
• Join order can be important for
performance (although optimizers will
usually handle this for you)
• Use parentheses to force order of
evaluation (also vendor extensions, often
called “hints”)


12

Joining More than Two Tables
• Add orderlines detail to previous queries
SELECT customer_first_name, customer_street,
orders.order_numb, orders.order_date,
orderlines.isbn, orderlines.quantity
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders ON
customers.customer_numb=orders.customer_numb
INNER JOIN orderlines
on orders.order_numb = orderlines.order_numb


Multi-table Join with Results


13

On Your Own
• Add the book title to the previous query
results
• Hint: add another join to books table


Correlation Names (Table Aliases)

• Can abbreviate references to tables
• For example:
Select e.name, j.payrange
From employees as e
Inner join job_information as j
On e.jobcode = j.jobcode;


14

Self Joins
• Implements a recursive relationship
• Important in various applications
– Parts lists/assemblies
– HR
– Etc.
– Table joined to itself using correlation names


Self Joins

SELECT e.*, m.name
FROM employees AS e, employees
AS m
WHERE e.managerid =
m.employeeid;


15


Outer Joins
• Left – selects all rows from the left or first table,
even if no match exists in the other table
– Widely used in commercial practice
– Especially useful for reporting
– Can be slower and interfere with optimizer
• Right – same idea but all rows from right table
• Full – all rows form both tables


16

Left Outer Join

Basic SQL 92 Syntax:
From <table1>
Left join <table2>
On <join condition>


Left-Join

Basic Example:
order_date
from customers as c
left join orders as o
on c.customer_numb =
o.customer_numb


17

Left Join with Results


On Your Own
• List all books and corresponding quantities
sold
• Show isbn, title, quantity
• How many books were there?
• Now do the same but include books with
no sales
• Now how many?


18

SQL200

SQL Programming

Part 2– Subqueries, Unions (Not available in
earlier versions of MySQL)

Subqueries
• One select statement embedded in another
• Can be nested multiple levels deep
• Can be used in select, from and where
clauses
• Two types:
– Uncorrelated – executes inner query then outer
– Correlated – executes inner query once for
each outer query row


19

Uncorrelated Subquery

select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb in
(select order_numb from
orders where order_date
between ‘1/1/99’ and
‘12/31/99’);

Uncorrelated Subquery with Results


20

Negative Subquery
• A type of subquery that matches “not
found” conditions


Negative Subquery

select isbn, quantity
from orderlines
where order_numb not in
(select order_numb from
orders where order_date
between ‘1/1/99’ and
‘12/31/99’);

21

Negative Subquery with Results


Correlated Subquery with Exists
• Inner subquery executed once for each outer row
• Exists will return true or false depending on
whether the result will have any rows or not
• Can be a quick way to test for existence of
records (parent records, say) as used in
application enforcement of referential integrity


22

Correlated subquery with Exists
SELECT isbn, quantity
FROM orderlines AS ol
WHERE exists
(select * from orders o where
ol.order_numb = o.order_numb
and o.order_date between ‘1/1/99’
and ‘12/31/99’);

This type of query covered in intermediate SQL class

Unions
• Combines two or more tables
• Tables must be union compatible


23

Unions

Select <column-list> from
<table1>
Union [ALL]
Select <same-columns> from
<table2>


Unions

select *
from employees
union all
select *
from employees_copy


24

Results of Union query


SQL200

SQL Programming

Part 3 – Calculations, Aggregates


25

Calculated Fields
• Can add a column calculated from others

SELECT order_numb, quantity,
cost_each,
quantity*cost_each as
extension
FROM orderlines


Calculated Fields
• Can rename the new column, too

SELECT order_numb, quantity,
cost_each,
quantity*cost_each as
extension
FROM Orderlines


26

Calculated field w/ Given Name


Calculated field in the Result


27

On Your Own
• Calculate the total sales for the books in
earlier query
• Show isbn, titles, quantity, cost_each and
extension


String Manipulation
• Concatenation
• Trim
• Substring
• Upper, Lower
• Etc. (various vendor extensions)


28

Concatenation
• Used for concatenated keys
• Useful to format reports

Basic syntax:

(Access) Field1 & Field2
(Oracle, std) Field1 || Field2
(Sql Server) Field1 + Field2
(MySQL) Concat(field1, field2)

Concatenation

select
concat(customer_first_name
,’ ‘,customer_last_name)
as Name
from customers


29

Concatenation


Pretty up the concatenation
• Use trim
functions, add a
space
• Sort by last
name – a neat
trick for
reporting!


30

Date Functions
• Numerous date functions
• Often vendor specific
• Often used:
– year
– month
• Ex: where year(order_date) = 1999


Date Functions
• Remember your three table query with the
order dates?
• Restrict it to orders in December


31

Aggregate Functions
• Count
• Sum
• Min
• Max
• Avg
• Often used in conjunction with grouping


Aggregate Functions

Basic syntax:

Select <function>(<column>)
From <table>
Group by <column-list>
Having <predicate>

Group by all columns to left of one(s)
you want to aggregate

32

Aggregate Functions
SELECT order_numb, Count(*) AS
[Number of Order Lines] ,
Sum(quantity) AS [Total Quantity],
Sum(quantity * cost_each) AS [Total
Amount]
FROM order_lines
GROUP BY order_numb
having count(*) > 1;


Aggregates with Group By


33

Having Clause
SELECT Order_lines.order_numb,
Count(*) AS ‘Number of Order Lines ‘,
Sum(Order_lines.quantity) AS
Total_Quantity,
Sum(quantity*cost_each) AS extension
FROM Order_lines
GROUP BY Order_lines.order_numb
having count(*) > 1


Group By with Having


34

Having vs. Where
• Having and Where clauses are similar but
not the same
• Having removes groups after they are
formed
• Where removes rows before groups are
formed


On Your Own
• Find the aggregates without any grouping –
see what you get
• Then restrict the ISBN


35

Summary Exercise
• List all customers and their orders
– Name nicely formatted
– With orders in the year of 1999 (do not use
between, etc.)
– Show total order quantities and amounts
– Only include orders with more than three
order lines


Exercise Result

[end module]

36

SQL/200

SQL Programming

Workshop 3 – Modifying Data, Managing the
Database

single SQL200 course which was used for any of
MS Access, Oracle and SQL Server.
• As such you may see here slides developed in any
one of the above products.
• We are in the process of migrating the various
vendor slides out into their own slide sets. These
SQL200 slides will focus on Microsoft SQL Server
and MySQL which are virtually identical for
purposes of this course.


1

Warning!

New Name Old Name
Orders Order_filled



P.O. Box 6142
949-489-1472
Copyright 2001-2011. All rights reserved.


2

SQL200 Resources
box.net at


SQL201W Module 3
• Part 1 – Modifying Data
• Part 2 – Managing Database Structures
• Part 3 – Creating Views and Indexes
• Part 4 -- Security


3

SQL/201W

SQL Programming

Part 1 – Modifying Data


Relational Database with constraints (from text)


4

Data Modification Statements

• Insert

• Update

• Delete


Data Modification Statements

• End-user rarely sees these
statements

• Application developer prepares
these statements “behind the
scenes” based on forms filled out
by user


5

Insert
• Adds new rows to an existing table
• Two forms:
– Single Row
– Multi-Row


Single Row Insert

Basic Syntax:
Insert [into] <table-name>
Values (<value-list>)


6

Single Row Insert

Basic Example:
insert into sources(source_numb,
source_name, source_street)
values(22,'Specialty Books',
'Canal Street')


Insert Statement


7

Sources table after Insert


Multi-row Insert
Basic Syntax:

Select <select-statement>

We will do this after creating a new
table later in this module

8

Update
• Updates fields in an existing row

Basic Syntax:
Update <table-name>
Set <field1> = new value, <field2> = new
value,…
Where <selection-criteria>

Update
• Increase Ingram prices by 10%

Example:
Update books
Set retail_price = retail_price
*1.10
Where source_numb = 1

9

Ingram Book Prices before Update


Ingram Book Prices after Update


10

After update in MS Access


Delete
• Deletes one or more rows

Basic Syntax:

Delete from <table-name>
Where <selection-criteria>


11

Delete

Example:

Delete from sources
Where source_numb = 22


Delete


12

Sources table after Delete


Delete and Referential Integrity
• Can affect referential integrity when deleting a
“parent” row
• Can do following with child…
– Cascade: delete the child row
– Set null: set the child’s foreign key null
– Set default: as above but to default value
– No action: don’t allow delete of parent row
• Referential integrity can be established when
creating or modifying table structures which we
will look at later in the class


13

SQL/200

SQL Programming

Part 2– Managing Database Structures


DDL
• Create
• Alter
• Drop


14

Schemas
• Logical view of a database; sort of a “sub-
database” – we will not cover these in this
module or…
– Catalogs
– Clusters
– Domains (somewhat like a user defined datatype)
• These topics are highly dependent upon the
vendor DBMS and installation practices


Tables

• Base tables
• Temporary tables
– Local (or module scope)
– Global (session scope)


15

Creating Tables
• Use create statement
• Specify:
– Columns with data types and column
constraints
– Table constraints
• Foreign key references
• Primary key designation


Data Types
• Int – integers or whole numbers
– Ex: how_many int
• Char – fixed length fields
– Ex: state char(2)
• Varchar/Varchar2 – variable length fields
– Ex: address varchar(35)
• Money – money field; same as MS Access
currency
• Date/Datetime – date and time
• And many others – see documentation or Help

16

Create Table
Basic syntax:
Create table <table-name>
<column1> <datatype> <constraints>
,.. <column1> <datatype> <constraints>
…
<table constraints>
Note: often preceded by a drop

Temporary Tables

Basic syntax (SQL standard):
Create [global] temporary table <table-name>
<rest of statement as for normal create>

Note: SQL Server uses a different syntax. Just put
a #in front of the table name as in #mytable.


17

Column Constraints
• Primary key
• Not NULL
• CHECK clause
• Default
• Unique


Table Constraints
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key
• Compare fields against each other. I.e.
ship_date >= order_date


18

But first – the Drop Statement
• Deletes a database “object”
– Drop table <table-name>
– Drop view <view-name>
– Drop index <index-name>
– Drop domain <domain-name>


Create Table
Example 1: Create a summary table
Create table summary(
isbn varchar(20) primary key,
How_many int check (how_many >= 0),
Constraint isbn_fk
Foreign key (isbn) references
books(isbn)
)

19

Create Summary Table


Constraints on Summary Table


20

Multi-row Insert

Basic Syntax:

[(<column list>)]
Select <select-statement>


Multi-row Insert
Basic Example: (store # times each
book ordered)

Insert into summary
Select isbn, count(*)
From orderlines
Group by isbn;


21

Multi-row Insert


After multi-row insert in MS Access


22

SQL/200

SQL Programming

Part 3 – Creating Views and Indexes, Modifying
Structures

Views
• Think of a view as a named query wherein
the definition is stored in the database
• Can be read like a table
• Some are updateable


23

Views

Basic syntax:
Create view <view-name> (<column-list>)
As
<select statement>


Creating a View


24

Using Views
• Can be used like a table subject to various
limitations
– Cannot insert into grouped queries, etc.
– Etc.
• Sample syntax:
select column-list
from employee_view


Using a View


25

Indexes
• Used to speed searches, joins, etc.
• Placed on:
– primary and foreign keys
– Secondary keys
• In commercial practice often managed by
DBA’s for large databases


Indexes
Basic syntax:

Create [unique] index <index-name>
On <table-name> (field-name> [desc])

Note: can place index on a composite key; ex: state and
city


26

Indexes

Basic example:

create index state_inx
on customers(customer_state)


Customers table with index


27

Dropping an index
Basic Syntax:
– Drop index <table-name.index-name>;


Modifying a Table Design
• Applies to tables
• Use ALTER statement
– Add columns
– Delete columns
– Rename columns
– Add column constraints
– Add table constraints


28

Modifying a Table Design
Basic syntax:
Alter <table-name>
Add <field-name>,
Add <table-constraint>,
Modify <field-name>
Etc.


Modify a Table Design

Example: add a phone number field

alter table publishers
add phone char(12);


29

After alter publishers table


SQL/200

SQL Programming

Part 4 – Security


30

Security
• Important DBA function
– Beyond scope of this course
– Typically controlled through Enterprise
Manager or Studio GUI’s
• In commercial practice application security
frequently controlled via own login and a
“users” table or similar


Security
• Specifics can vary by product
• Access: workgroup administrator
• SQL Server: users, roles
• Oracle: users, roles


31

SQL Security Statements

• Grant
• Revoke
• Deny


Grant
Syntax:

Grant <access-right> [with grant option]
On <object> to <user>

Note: by default only tables owners and admins can access
a table. Others must be granted the relevant rights.

32

Access Rights
• Select
• Update
• Insert
• Delete
• References
• All privileges


Grant

Example:

Grant update
On employees to ddurso


33

Revoke
• Revokes the rights
• Syntax similar to grant

[end module]

Notes


34

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