Supercharged imperative programming with Haskell and Functional Programming
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The document discusses the integration of imperative programming concepts with Haskell, emphasizing type safety, higher-order patterns, and reduced boilerplate through functional programming. It outlines how to structure effectful computations in Haskell using concepts like monads and applicatives while addressing complexities like user input and final effects. The framework allows composing flows that manage user interactions and their respective effects efficiently.
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Final Code
Combine flows together
join (handlePizza <> handleNukes <> ...)
join (mappend [ handlePizza
, handleNukes
...
])
Or Perhaps](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/superchargedimperativehaskellfp-191127110703/85/Supercharged-imperative-programming-with-Haskell-and-Functional-Programming-49-320.jpg)
Supercharged imperative programming with Haskell and Functional Programming
- 1. SUPERCHARGED IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING WITH HASKELL AND FP ANUPAM JAIN
- 2. 2 Hello!
- 3. 3 ❑ HOME PAGE https://fpncr.github.io ❑ GETTOGETHER COMMUNITY https://gettogether.community/fpncr/ ❑ MEETUP https://www.meetup.com/DelhiNCR-Haskell-And- Functional-Programming-Languages-Group ❑ TELEGRAM: https://t.me/fpncr Functional Programming NCR
- 4. 4 ❑Type safety. Eliminates a large class of errors. ❑Effectful values are first class ❑Higher Order Patterns ❑Reduction in Boilerplate ❑Zero Cost Code Reuse Overview
- 5. 5 ❑Order of operations matters ❑Contrast with functional, where the order of operations does not matter. Define “Imperative”
- 6. 6 write "Do you want a pizza?” if (read() == "Yes") orderPizza() write "Should I launch missiles?” if (read() == "Yes") launchMissiles() Imperative is simple
- 7. 7 write "Do you want a pizza?” if (read() == "Yes") orderPizza() write "Should I launch missiles?” if (read() == "Yes") launchMissiles() Imperative is simple You REALLY DON’T want to do these out of order
- 8. 8 do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read When (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza write "Should I launch missiles?" canLaunch <- read When (canLaunch == "Yes") launchMissiles Functional?
- 9. 9 do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza write "Should I launch missiles?" canLaunch <- read when (canLaunch == "Yes") launchMissiles Functional? Haskell
- 10. 10 write "Do you want a pizza?" >>= _ -> read >>= canOrderPizza -> if (canOrderPizza == "Yes") then orderPizza else pure () >>= _ -> write "Should I launch missiles?" >>= _ - > read >>= canLaunchMissiles -> if (canLaunchMissiles == "Yes") then launchMissiles else pure () Functional?
- 11. 11 plusOne = x -> x+1 add = x -> y -> x+y A bit of syntax Lambdas
- 12. 12 (>>=) = effect -> handler -> ... A bit of syntax Operators
- 13. 13 read >>= canOrderPizza -> ... A bit of syntax Infix Usage
- 14. 14 write "Do you want a pizza?" >>= _ -> read >>= canOrderPizza -> if (canOrderPizza == "Yes") then orderPizza else pure () One At a Time
- 15. 15 write "Should I launch missiles?" >>= _ -> read >>= canLaunchMissiles -> if (canLaunchMissiles == "Yes") then launchMissiles else pure () One At a Time
- 16. 16 handlePizza >>= _ -> handleMissiles Together
- 17. 17 handlePizza >>= _ -> handleMissiles Together
- 18. 18 handlePizza :: IO () handlePizza = do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrderPizza <- read if (canOrderPizza == "Yes") then orderPizza else pure () Types This entire block 1. Is Effectful 2. Returns ()
- 19. 19 Effectful Logic Pure Logic Outside World
- 20. 20 ❑Can’t mix effectful (imperative) code with pure (functional) code ❑All branches must have the same return type Types
- 21. 21 SideEffects!!
- 22. 22 “Haskell” is the world’s finest imperative programming language. ~Simon Peyton Jones (Creator of Haskell)
- 23. 23 So How is Haskell The Best Imperative Programming Language?
- 24. 24 ❑We don’t launch nukes without ordering pizza Change Requirements
- 25. 25 handlePizza :: IO Bool handlePizza = do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrderPizza <- read if (canOrderPizza == "Yes") then orderPizza >> pure true else pure false Types
- 26. 26 do pizzaOrdered <- handlePizza if pizzaOrdered then handleMissiles else pure () With Changed Requirements
- 27. 27 ❑Ask the user a bunch of questions ❑Then perform a bunch of actions Reorder?
- 28. 28 Must Rearchitect do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read write "Should I launch missiles?" canLaunch <- read when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza when (canLaunch == "Yes") launchMissiles
- 29. 29 Must Rearchitect do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read write "Should I launch missiles?" canLaunch <- read when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza when (canLaunch == "Yes") launchMissiles But we have lost the separation between Ordering pizza and Launching nukes
- 30. 30 We Need ❑Define complex flows with user input and a final effect to be performed ❑To compose these flows without boilerplate ❑Be able to run the final effects together at the end of all user input
- 31. 31 Desired Abstraction handlePizza = ... handleNukes = ... do handlePizza handleNukes We ask questions in this order, but the final effect of ordering pizza and launching nukes should only happen together at the end
- 32. 32 Must Rearchitect handlePizza = do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read return $ when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza
- 33. 33 Must Rearchitect handlePizza :: IO (IO ()) handlePizza = do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read return $ when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza Return value is a CLOSURE Captures `canOrder`
- 34. 34 Must Rearchitect handleNukes :: IO (IO ()) handleNukes = do write “Should I launch nukes?" canLaunch <- read return $ when (canLaunch == "Yes") launchNukes Return value is a CLOSURE Captures `canLaunch`
- 35. 35 Compose together do pizzaEffect <- handlePizza nukeEffect <- handleNukes pizzaEffect nukeEffect
- 36. 36 Generalises? This looks very boilerplaty do pizzaEffect <- handlePizza nukeEffect <- handleNukes ... pizzaEffect nukeEffect ...
- 37. 37 Desired Interface finalEffect = handlePizza AND handleNukes AND ...
- 38. 38 And Allow A Way to specify “No Effects” finalEffect = emptyEffects
- 39. 39 Looks Like a Monoid! class Monoid M where empty :: M (<>) :: M -> M -> M
- 40. 40 IO already is a Monoid! ❑What happens when we do the following? handlePizza <> handleNukes
- 41. 41 IO already is a Monoid! instance Monoid a => Monoid (IO a) where empty = pure empty f <> g = do a <- f b <- g pure (a <> b)
- 42. 42 IO already is a Monoid! instance Monoid a => Monoid (IO a) where empty = pure empty f <> g = do a <- f b <- g pure (a <> b) First perform individual effects
- 43. 43 IO already is a Monoid! instance Monoid a => Monoid (IO a) where empty = pure empty f <> g = do a <- f b <- g pure (a <> b) Then Join the results As Monoids
- 44. 44 IO already is a Monoid! ❑So this does the right thing! do finalEffects <- handlePizza <> handleNukes finalEffects
- 45. 45 This is also a pattern join :: Monad M => M (M a) -> M a join :: IO (IO a) -> IO a join (handlePizza <> handleNukes)
- 46. 46 No Boilerplate! join :: Monad M => M (M a) -> M a join :: IO (IO a) -> IO a join (handlePizza <> handleNukes)
- 47. 47 Final Code handlePizza handlePizza :: IO (IO ()) handlePizza = do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read return $ when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza
- 48. 48 Final Code handleNukes handleNukes :: IO (IO ()) handleNukes = do write “Should I launch nukes?" canLaunch <- read return $ when (canLaunch == "Yes") launchNukes
- 49. 49 Final Code Combine flows together join (handlePizza <> handleNukes <> ...) join (mappend [ handlePizza , handleNukes ... ]) Or Perhaps
- 50. 50 ❑We don’t launch nukes without ordering pizza ❑We don’t order pizza when not launching nukes Change Requirements Again
- 51. 51 Must Rearchitect do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read write "Should I launch missiles?" canLaunch <- read when (canOrder == “Yes" && canLaunch == "Yes") (orderPizza >> launchMissiles)
- 52. 52 Must Rearchitect do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read write "Should I launch missiles?" canLaunch <- read when (canOrder == “Yes" && canLaunch == "Yes") (orderPizza >> launchMissiles) Business Logic
- 53. 53 A General Pattern do write “Question 1 ...” answer1 <- read ... when (validates answer1 ...) performAllEffects
- 54. 54 We Need ❑Define complex flows with user input and a final effect to be performed ❑To compose these flows without boilerplate ❑Call a function on all the user input to determine if we should perform the final effects. ❑Be able to run the final effects together at the end of all user input
- 55. 55 Can we do this with Monoids? do finalEffects <- handlePizza <> handleNukes finalEffects ❑We abstracted away the captured variables ❑Now all we can do is run the final composed effect We can’t access `canOrder` or `canLaunch` here
- 56. 56 FP Gives you Granularly Powerful Abstractions ❑Monads are too powerful (i.e. boilerplate) ❑Monoids abstract away too much ❑Need something in the middle
- 57. 57 Let's work through this data Ret a = Ret { input :: a , effect :: IO () } ❑Return the final effect, AND the user input ❑Parameterise User Input as `a`
- 58. 58 Let's work through this handlePizza :: IO (Ret Boolean) handlePizza = do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read return $ Ret canOrder $ when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza
- 59. 59 Compose Effects do retPizza <- handlePizza retNuke <- handleNuke when valid (input retPizza) (input retNuke) do effect retPizza effect retNuke
- 60. 60 Compose Effects do retPizza <- handlePizza retNuke <- handleNuke when valid (input retPizza) (input retNuke) do effect retPizza effect retNuke UGH! Boilerplate!
- 61. 61 Compose Effects do retPizza <- handlePizza retNuke <- handleNuke let go = valid (input retPizza) (input retNuke) when go do effect retPizza effect retNuke
- 62. 62 Compose Effects do retPizza <- handlePizza retNuke <- handleNuke let go = valid (input retPizza) (input retNuke) when go do effect retPizza effect retNuke Applicative!
- 63. 63 IO is an Applicative instance Applicative IO where f <*> a = do f' <- f a' <- a pure (f' a')
- 64. 64 Try to Use Applicative IO do go <- valid <$> (input <$> handlePizza) <*> (input <$> handleNuke) when go do effect ??retPizza effect ??retNuke
- 65. 65 Dial Back a Little do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let go = valid <$> input retPizza <*> input retNuke when go do effect retPizza effect retNuke
- 66. 66 Perhaps a try a different abstraction do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let go = valid <$> input retPizza <*> input retNuke when go do effect retPizza effect retNuke This is a common pattern Can we abstract this?
- 67. 67 Running a Return value data Ret a = Ret { input :: a , effect :: IO ()} runRet :: Ret Bool -> IO () runRet (Ret b e) = when b e
- 68. 68 More trouble than its worth? do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let go = valid <$> input retPizza <*> input retNuke runRet ??? We need to Compose a Ret To be able to run it
- 69. 69 However! do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let go = valid <$> input retPizza <*> input retNuke runRet ??? This could return a Ret instead!
- 70. 70 Combining Return values data Ret a = Ret { input :: a , effect :: IO ()} instance Functor Ret where fmap f (Ret a e) = Ret (f a) e instance Applicative Ret where Ret f e1 <*> Ret a e2 = Ret (f a) (e1 <> e2)
- 71. 71 Less Boilerplate! do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let ret = valid <$> retPizza <*> retNuke runRet ret
- 72. 72 Hmm, Still Boilerplatey do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let ret = valid <$> retPizza <*> retNuke runRet ret Two Successive Applicatives
- 73. 73 Hmm, Still Boilerplatey do (retPizza, retNuke) <- (,) <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke let ret = valid <$> retPizza <*> retNuke runRet ret Combine Effectful IO Combine Effectful Ret
- 74. 74 Compose Applicatives? data IO a = ... data Ret a = Ret { input :: a , effect :: IO ()} type Flow a = IO (Ret a) We need an Applicative instance for Flow
- 75. 75 Applicatives Compose! Import Data.Functor.Compose type Compose f g a = Compose (f (g a)) type Flow a = Compose IO Ret a
- 76. 76 Applicatives Compose! instance (Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (Compose f g) where Compose f <*> Compose x = Compose (liftA2 (<*>) f x)
- 77. 77 Running Compose runRet :: Ret Bool -> IO () runRet (Ret b e) = when b e runFlow :: Compose IO Ret Bool -> IO () runFlow (Compose e) = e >>= runRet
- 78. 78 Defining Flows handlePizza :: Flow Boolean handlePizza = Compose $ do write "Do you want a pizza?" canOrder <- read return $ Ret canOrder $ when (canOrder == "Yes") orderPizza
- 79. 79 Composing Flow With Business Logic valid <$> handlePizza <*> handleNukes <*> ...
- 80. 80 No Boilerplate runFlow $ valid <$> handlePizza <*> handleNuke
- 81. 81 ❑Type safety. Eliminates a large class of errors. ❑Effectful values are first class ❑Higher Order Patterns ❑Reduction in Boilerplate ❑Zero Cost Code Reuse Takeaways
- 82. 82 SideEffects!!
- 83. 83 Besties!!