Technical Introduction to PostgreSQL and PPAS

A Technical introduction
to PostgreSQL and PPAS
Enterprise Class PostgreSQL Database from EDB
10/6/2014
CONFIDENTIAL
©2011EnterpriseDB.Allrightsreserved.

• Introduction
• About Ashnik
• PostgreSQL and buzz it has created
• Postgres Plus Advanced Server
• Architecture
• Oracle Compatibility
• Performance Features
• Security Features
• High Availability Features
• DBA Tools
• User Stories
• What’s coming up in v9.3
• How to start adopting
Agenda
2
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• Independent & Thriving Development Community for over 20 years
• Thousands of active deployments worldwide in public and private
sector organizations of all sizes
PostgreSQL and the Community
3
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Postgres’ IMPACT
4
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PostgreSQL – Postgres Plus Users, Globally
5
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6
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Vietnam Thailand
Indonesia
PostgreSQL – Postgres Plus Users, across ASEAN
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EnterpriseDB – The Company
7
• The Enterprise PostgreSQL company was founded in 2004,
first product GA in 2005
• 2,000+ customers across all market segments
• 70,000+ downloads/week of PostgreSQL and related products
• Enabling database consolidation using PostgreSQL and
advanced Oracle compatibility
• Saving customers millions through the power of open source
• Strong financial backing:
CONFIDENTIAL
Postgres Plus - Recognized
by Gartner’s Magic
Quadrant as a challenger
in the Database Market

The EnterpriseDB Advantage
8
• Products and Tools
• Advanced database server software
• Deep Oracle compatibility
• Bundled development and management tools
• Technical Support and Services
• Around the clock support
• Expert consulting
• Oracle migration services
• Remote management and monitoring
• Professional Training
• Learn PostgreSQL from the experts
• Web and on-site training
• Training for developers and DBAs
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• Fast development cycles
• Thousands of developers
• Better code
• Lower cost
• 24/7 support
• Services and training
• Certification
• Indemnification
• Product strategy
Bringing the Advantage to Enterprises
9
Open Source
Software
Commercial
SoftwareEnterpriseDB
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About PPAS
10
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Architectural Overview
11
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Process Architecture
Postmaster
BGWRITERBGWRITER STATS
COLLECTOR
STATS
COLLECTOR
ARCHIVERARCHIVERAUTO--VACUUMAUTO--VACUUM
BGWRITERBGWRITER STATS
COLLECTOR
STATS
COLLECTOR
Data
Files
WAL
Segments
Archived
WAL
Shared Memory
Shared Buffers Process ArrayWAL Buffers
WAL WriterWAL Writer LOG WRITERLOG WRITER
Error Log Files
12
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Database Limitations
13
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• Limitations are generally
defined by
• Operating System Limits
• Compile-Time Parameters
– Data Type Usage
General Database
Limitations
Limit Value
Maximum Database Size Unlimited
Maximum Table Size 32 TB
Maximum Row Size 1.6 TB
Maximum Field Size 1 GB (4TB in v9.3 Beta)
Maximum Rows per Table Unlimited
Maximum Columns per Table 250-1600 (Depending on
Column types)
Maximum Indexes per Table Unlimited

Oracle Compatibility
14
• Run applications written for Oracle
virtually unchanged
• No need to re-train Oracle DBAs and
developers
• Support for PL/SQL language and OCI
interoperability
• Replication for easy sharing of data
• Dramatic Cost Savings
• No Vendor Lock-in
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Survey: Re-Use of Oracle DBA Skills
15
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Compatibility Means
16
• SQL Extension support
• Decode, NVL, Substr, NVL2,replace,translate, table()
• Date/time functions: add_months, extract, next_day,months_between,trunc, current_date support
• Support for cascade option in drop table
• PL/SQL support
• REF Cursors, Implicit and explicit cursors
• Looping, variable declarations, conditional statements
• Collections: Associative Arrays, Varrays, Nested tables
• Bulk binding
• Named parameters
• User Defined Exceptions
• Explicit Transaction Control - within a stored procedure
• Tools
• EDB*Plus – SQL*Plus look-a-like
• EDB*Loader – SQL*Loader equivalent
• EDB*Wrap – similar to the PL/SQL wrapper
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Compatibility Means (cont.)
17
• Packages
• Stored procedures
• Functions
• Triggers
• Optimizer Hints
• Database Links
• Hierarchical Queries
• Synonyms – Public and
Private
• Sequences
• Materialized Views
CONFIDENTIAL
• Rownum
• Object types
o Create type … as object
o Create type … as table
o Create type …as varray
o Constructor and collection
methods
• PL/SQL like SUBTYPE, which
inherits form base type
• Users/Roles
• Dynamic SQL
• Features

Compatibility Means (cont.)
18
• Data Types
• Integer, number, char, double precision, float, varchar2, blob, clob, xmltype, rowid, boolean
• Built-in Packages
• DBMS_:
o SQL, LOB, JOB, PIPE, ALERT, OUTPUT, UTILITY, PROFILER, RLS
• UTL_:
o FILE, MAIL, SMTP, ENCODE, TCP
• Oracle-like Data Dictionary
• ALL_, DBA_, USER_ views
• Most commonly accessed views
• Diagnostics - DRITA
• System and session waits
o Not exposed in PostgreSQL
o Part of Advanced Server
• Statspack-like reporting
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Flexible Partitioning Scheme in PostgreSQL
19
• Partitioning Example in PostgreSQL
o CREATE TABLE employees
o Create Child Tables
o create table emp_mgmt (check (job in (MANAGER'))) inherits (employees);
o create table emp_sales (check (job in ('SALESMAN'))) inherits (employees);
o Create the partitioning function
o CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION partition_emp();
o Create the trigger for partition
o CREATE TRIGGER employees_partition_trigger BEFORE INSERT ON employees
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE partition_emp();
• Advantages
• Flexible
• Customize your Partitioning Policy
• Disadvantages
• Complex
• Difficult to add/delete/split Partitions
CONFIDENTIAL

• Partitioning Example in PPAS
CREATE TABLE employees
(empno numeric(4,0),ename varchar(10),job varchar(9),hiredate timestamp)
PARTITION BY LIST (job)
(PARTITION emp_mgmt VALUES ('MANAGER', 'PRESIDENT') tablespace tbsp_1, PARTITION
emp_sales VALUES ('SALESMAN') tablespace tbsp_2, PARTITION emp_ops VALUES ('CLERK')
tablespace tbsp_3
);
• PPAS Offers
• LIST and RANGE Partitioning Syntax
• Easy to manage and maintain partitions
• You can still take benefit of PostgreSQL syntax for complex partitioning e.g. Dynamic Partitions
• Easy to Add/Delete/Split/Swap/Detach/Attach partitions
• Brings the best of both the world!
Compatible and Flexible Partitioning Scheme in PPAS
20
CONFIDENTIAL

Scaling with Partitioning in PPAS v9.3
21
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
100
250
500
1000
Time in Seconds
NumberofTablePartitions
Partitioning Performance: PPAS 9.3 v. PostgreSQL 9.3 v. PPAS 9.2 • Postgres Plus
Advanced Server 9.3
is up to 460 times
faster with row
insertions into
partitioned tables
than PostgreSQL 9.3
or PPAS 9.2
• Better performance
for bulk loading and
disaster recovery

• Online Migration Toolkit enables point and click migration from Oracle
• Automatically Migrates:
Database Migration Toolkit
22
CONFIDENTIAL
• Data
• Schemas
• Stored Procedures
• Triggers
• Functions
• Sequences
• Packages
• Views
• Database Links
• Synonyms

• Developed for High Performance Transaction
Environments (OLTP)
• DynaTune:
• Dynamic tuning of the database server to make the
optimal usage of the system resources available on
the host machine
• Index Advisor:
• Helps determine which columns you should index
to improve performance in a given workload.
• Query Optimization Hints, Hi-Speed Bulk Loader,
Multi-Threaded Replication
Performance enhancement in PPAS
23
CONFIDENTIAL

• Infinite Cache
• High performance
horizontal scaling
architecture for
cache memory
• Cache expands with
inexpensive
commodity
hardware
Scalability with Infinite Cache
24
CONFIDENTIAL

25
• Architecture: How it Works
• Disk access for data is slower than RAM access
• Infinite Cache puts disk data into the RAM cache
• Additional requests for that data are read from the faster cache
• The cache scales as needed with inexpensive hardware
CONFIDENTIAL
Application
High
speed
pg_cach
e buffers
in RAM
Slow speed
disk
High
Speed
Network
Update
d Data
Blocks
Update
Read
If not in buffer
Database Server
InfiniteCache
RAMblades
High
speed

26
• Single Machine Performance
CONFIDENTIAL
Advanced Server is 16X
faster on a single machine
with large amounts of
memory
(e.g. greater than 2 GB)
Infinite Cache can be used
on a single machine!

27
• Infinite Cache - Features
• Expands and Distributes buffer cache across multiple machines
• Designed for Read-Mostly applications (e.g. Content Management, Query Intensive, Business
Intelligence, Data Warehouse)
• Cache is transparent to client applications (no cache coding needed)
• Compression feature enables caching entire databases (e.g. put a 250 GB database into 32 GB
RAM Cache)
• Cache can be pre-warmed for immediate results
• Cache scales using inexpensive commodity hardware
• Infinite Cache can be run to boost single machine performance!
• Created For
• DBAs and data managers overseeing large amounts of data requiring fast response times for
queries and reporting loads
• Developers who don’t want to write specialized caching code16
CONFIDENTIAL

• Red Hat Reference Architecture Series:
 Comparing BenchmarkSQL Performance
on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 to Windows
Server Enterprise (2010)
Performance Benchmark to SQL Server
28
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Scalability MySQL Vs PostgreSQL
29
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Security
30
• Object level privileges assigned to roles and users
• Virtual Private Database
• Kerberos and LDAP authentication
• Host base authentication
• SSL communication
• Data Level Encryption (AES, 3DES, etc)
• Ability to utilize 3rd party Key Stores in a full PKI Infrastructure
• Foundation for full compliance with the strictest of security standards
(PCI Data Security Standard)
• Flexible field level encryption and row level security
CONFIDENTIAL
“By default, PostgreSQL is probably the most
security-aware database available ...”
Database Hacker's Handbook- David Litchfield

PL/Secure and EDB*Wrap
31
• Encrypt your Pl/pgsql stored programs with PL/Secure
• Encrypt your SPL procedures with EDB*Wrap
CONFIDENTIAL

SQL/Protect
32
• DBA Managed SQL Injection Protection
a) Preventing attacks is normally the responsibility of the application developer, but
with SQL/Protect, DBAs can now provide another layer of protection to prevent
corruption or co-opting of the database.
• Multiple Prevention Techniques
a) Unauthorized Relations
b) Utility Commands (e.g. DDL)
c) SQL Tautology
d) Unbounded DML
CONFIDENTIAL

• Multi-Master Replication – Active-Active Technology
• Near real-time Replication
• Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC)
• Point-in-Time Recovery
• Log Shipping for Standby (~ Oracle® Data Guard)
High Availability
33
CONFIDENTIAL
Availability

Backup and Recovery Options
34
CONFIDENTIAL
• Physical and Logical Backup
• Logical Backup using pg_dump
• Instance level logical backup using pg_dumpall
• Table level, Schema level or DB level logical backup
• pg_restore
• Physical Backups
• pg_basebackup
• Compressed backup
• Recovery with WAL and archived WAL
• Point in Time Recover

• Using OS Clustering
• Using a shared disk for data
Active – Passive OS HA Clustering
35
CONFIDENTIAL

• Uses WAL (Write Ahead Log)
• WAL is continuously shipped through
an opened TCP channel to Hot
Standby Node
• Hot Standby node can be used for
read scalability
Hot Streaming Replication (Hot Standby Mode)
36
CONFIDENTIAL

• Uses WAL (Write Ahead Log)
• Archived WAL is shipped to Hot
Standby Node
• Hot Standby node can be used for
read scalability
Log Shipping Replication (Hot Standby Mode)
37
CONFIDENTIAL

EnterpriseDB Postgres Plus Failover Manager
38
CONFIDENTIAL
Agent Agent

• Using pg-pool
• Using redundant disk for data
• Hot Standby node can be used
for read scalability
HA with read scaling (with pg-pool)
39
CONFIDENTIAL

• Trigger based replication
• Publication – Subscription
• Snapshot and Continuous
• Cascaded Replication
• Read Scalability
• Master/Slave DB can be:
• Oracle
• MSSQL
• Postgres Plus Advanced Server
• Either Master or Slave should be
PPAS/PostgreSQL
xDB Single Master Replication (SMR)
40
CONFIDENTIAL

• High Availability uses
• Geographic distribution of load
• For creation of Testing/staging env using snapshot replication
• Segregate OLTP and reporting
xDB Replication Use Cases
41
CONFIDENTIAL
Replication

xDB Single-Master Replication (SMR)
42
CONFIDENTIAL
Table
D
Table
C
Table
B
Table
A
Table
C
Table
D
Procs
Objects
ReportsQueries
Continuous
or Scheduled
----------------
Filtered
or All Rows
Transaction
Replication
Improved
OLTP
Performance
Inexpensive
Query /
Reporting
Oracle Server Postgres Plus Advanced Server

xDB SMR Heterogeneous Replication Support
43
CONFIDENTIAL
Source/Target Oracle MS SQL
Server
2005/2008
PostgreSQL
Advanced
Server
(Oracle
mode)
Advanced
Server
(PostgreSQL
mode)
Oracle No No Yes Yes Yes
MS SQL
Server
2005/2008
No No Yes Yes Yes
PostgreSQL No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Advanced
Server (Oracle
mode)
Yes Yes No
Yes
No
Advanced
Server
(PostgreSQL
mode)
No Yes Yes Yes Yes

• Trigger based replication
• 2 or more Masters can be Sync
• Auto Conflict Detection & Resolution
• Read & Write Scalability
xDB Multi Master Replication (MMR)
44
CONFIDENTIAL

• Java-based Replication Server and Replication Console
• Delta changes recorded in shadow tables via post Insert/Update/Delete triggers
• Data Replication through JDBC channel
xDB MMR Architecture
45
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Enterprise Class DBA Tools
46
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Remotely Manage, Monitor And Tune
• Management En-Mass Design
• Enterprise Performance Monitoring
• Proactive Alert Management
• Graphical Administration
• SQL Workload Profiling
• Simplified Capacity Planning
• Full SQL IDE
Postgres Enterprise Manager
47
CONFIDENTIAL

PEM Distributed Architecture
48
CONFIDENTIAL

• Performance
Monitoring Dashboards
• Capacity Manager
• Postgres Expert
• Alert Management
• Browser based console
and dashboard
• Audit Manager
• Team Support
• Distributed Architecture
• Convenient Access
PEM For DBAs: Centralized Tool
49
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Helps you apply patches and
updates for all the
products under PPAS:
Stackbuilder Plus
50
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• A solution to aid in the creation of highly
available configurations of Postgres
• Monitors the health of a Postgres HA
configuration
• Automates the failover process in the event
of a failure
• Used in conjunction with Streaming
Replication
Postgres Plus Failover Manager
51
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Slave
Witness
Master

Failover Manager Architecture
52
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Agent Agent

• Automatic Failover from master to replica node
• Configurable fencing operation
1. By default uses VIP
2. Parameter to specify alternative operation
a) Ex: reconfigure a load balancer
• Manual failover configuration possible
• Email notifications when cluster status changes
• Witness node provides protection against ‘split brain’ scenarios
• User configurable wait times
• Built on PPCD/JGroups technology
Failover Manager Features
53
CONFIDENTIAL

Replicate below objects from MS SQL Server to
Postgres Plus Advanced Server:
• Schemas
• Tables
• Constraints
• Indexes
• Table data
• Views
Replicating & Migrating Microsoft SQL Server
54
CONFIDENTIAL

• Split input files into multiple files
• Load single tables in parallel
• Magnitudes better load time performance
• Parallel load capabilities also in Migration Toolkit and Migration Studio
Parallel Data Loader
55
CONFIDENTIAL

FTD Replicates Oracle Data for Volume Peaks
Background
FTD is the world’s leading provider of floral-
related products and services
Processes 15M+ orders annually through 20,000
retail florists in the US
The ARGO System Project
FTD deployed new shipping administration
system (ARGO)
ARGO’s performance deteriorated during peak
holiday loads
Oracle-based system couldn’t handle peak
reporting volumes
Off-load reporting data form Oracle to Postgres
using Postgres Plus Replication Server
Why Postgres
No major changes required to run Oracle apps
on Postgres
Project completed in 6 weeks (Valentines Day
 Mother’s Day)
Out of the Box Compatibility with existing
database
Improved Vendor Service – response times
decreased dramatically
Performance of order processing systems
improved 400% by offloading reporting to
Postgres
“When someone comes in at a sixth of the cost [of Oracle]
and 500 times the customer service, that makes it very
easy.”
Jason Weiss, Software Architect

InMobi Delivers Mobile Ads with Postgres
57
CONFIDENTIAL
Background
• One of the fastest growing mobile advertising networks
• Huge scalability and performance requirements, billions of ads per month
• Uses HP Proliant server
Mobile Ad Platform Project
• Postgres the best fit for a scalable open-source
database
• Community support not sufficient to meet business
requirements, EnterpriseDB a partner
• Initial database install supported organic growth
• 25 instances across 4 data centers with replication
• Database sizes upwards of 600 GB
• 200K txns/minute with 3 ms response time
Why Postgres
• Most scalable open-source database
• Lower cost than traditional databases
• Performance and reliability up to the task at
internet scale, supporting the most extreme
workloads
• Customizations by EnterpriseDB rapidly
incorporated into the product ensuring costly
customization maintenance is avoided

Sony Reduces TCO of database environment by 80%
58
CONFIDENTIAL
Free Realms Project
• Lower TCO and improve licensing flexibility
• Leverage existing Oracle DBA and Developer talent
• Migrate key Oracle apps to Postgres
• Commercial-grade quality and reliability, including
backup and recovery standards, to support mission-
critical applications
• Scalable, high performance execution
Why Postgres
• Reduced TCO by 80%
• East of Migration – majority of Oracle apps
could run unmodified on Postgres Plus
• Skills re-use – Oracle – trained staff could
immediately work with Postgres Plus
• Exceptional technical support from
EnterpriseDB
“Postgres Plus has proven to be a cost-effective
database that can accommodate Free Realms’
massive growth.”
- Andy Sites, Free Realms Senior Producer, SOE
Background
• Free Realms massively multiplayer online game
• >9M registered players since April 2009
• IT Oracle scale-up was cost-prohibitive

Background
• Multi-terabyte Oracle DB and needed to
reduce DB costs
• Running old, unsupported version of
Oracle and had to pay to upgrade
The EPBS Project
• Engaged EnterpriseDB consulting
services to migrate
• Unique migration process developed
and implemented
Why Postgres
• 2.2 TeraByte system migrated and
now running on Postgres Plus
Advanced Server
• Current performance is comparable
to Oracle
• Costs reduced significantly by
migrating to EnterpriseDB solutions
Achieved Comparable Performance Replacing Oracle
59
CONFIDENTIAL

ToT, Thailand plans to replace Oracle Exadata-TimesTen In-
memory database with HP-EnterpriseDB stack
60
CONFIDENTIAL
Background
• Largest public sector company in telecom in Thailand
• Has very stringent response time SLA (20ms response time for user requests ~ 3-5 read queries)
• Current setup has Oracle Exadata and four TimeTen In-memory databases
Current Challenges in Oracle Stack
• Issues in sync of Exadata with
In-memory databases
• Full refresh locks the tables
• Current system can go upto 1500 tps
• Dynamic Partitioning for huge table
• Current system load is 750 TPS with
write operations
• 5000 user requests (16.5K read queries)
per second with 4 servers
HP-EnterpriseDB Stack Proposed to be DR for Exadata
• HP DL-980 (4 CPU * 10 cores, 256GB RAM)
• 1TB VMA Disks for faster access
• Simulation tests show 2800 write-TPS achieved
• Flexible Partitioning scheme in PPAS (add partition on the fly for
each new date, no manual intervention)
• Currently this server is being tested as DR for Exadata
• Replication using xDB near-relatime replication for 1000 tps
• Scalability achieved using cascaded replication and Infinite Cache
• Setup can handle 5500 user requests (18K queries per second)
with 1.5-2.5ms response time per query

v.9.3
• Switch master without archive logs in cascaded replication
• Faster recovery
• Enhanced partitioning feature- Better performance
• More extended JSON support
• Materialized Views
• Updatable Views
• Recursive Views
• Replication between Heterogeneous System Architectures – Facilitates central backup server
• pg_xlogdump to decode WAL
• 4TB Large Object Support
• Better memory managements
What’s New?
61
CONFIDENTIAL

v.9.4
• Logical Replication
• Time Lagging DR
• Enhanced JSON features
• Enhancements in Materialized Views
• Moving aggregates
• Pg_prewarm to warm up the cache
• Backup throttle
• ALTER SYSTEM command to set parameters
What’s Coming up?
62
CONFIDENTIAL

How to start adoption
63
CONFIDENTIAL
REPLICATION SERVER
BACKUP / DR SERVER
NEW APPLICATION
MIGRATION

You have a ‘Real’ alternative to Oracle or other
conventional proprietary Databases
Conclusion
64
CONFIDENTIAL
Economical
Technically
Sound
Easy to
Adopt

65
CONFIDENTIAL

Technical Introduction to PostgreSQL and PPAS

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