friends functionToshu

Chapter 17 - C++ Classes: Part II
Outline
17.1 Introduction
17.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions
17.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes
17.4 friend Functions and friend Classes
17.5 Using the this Pointer
17.6 Dynamic Memory Allocation with Operators new and
delete
17.7 static Class Members
17.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding
17.8.1 Example: Array Abstract Data Type
17.8.2 Example: String Abstract Data Type
17.8.3 Example: Queue Abstract Data Type
17.9 Container Classes and Iterators
Ó 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

17.1 Introduction
• Chapters 16-18
– Object-based programming
• Chapter 19-20
– Polymorphism and inheritance
– Object-oriented programming

17.2 const (Constant) Objects and const
Member Functions
• Principle of least privilege
• Only give objects permissions they need, no more
• Keyword const
• Specify that an object is not modifiable
• Any attempt to modify the object is a syntax error
• For example:
const time noon( 12, 0, 0 );
• Declares a const object noon of class time and initializes it to
12 noon

Member Functions (II)
• const objects require const functions
– Functions declared const cannot modify the object
– const specified in function prototype and definition
Prototype: ReturnType FunctionName(param1,param2…) const;
Definition: ReturnType FunctionName(param1,param2…) const { …};
Example:
int A::getValue() const
{return privateDataMember};
- Returns the value of a data member, and is appropriately declared
const
- Constructors / Destructors cannot be const
- They need to initialize variables (therefore modifying them)

Outline
1 // Fig. 17.1: time5.h
2 // Declaration of the class Time.
3 // Member functions defined in time5.cpp
4 #ifndef TIME5_H
5 #define TIME5_H
6
7 class Time {
8 public:
9 Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0 ); // default constructor
10
11 // set functions
12 void setTime( int, int, int ); // set time
13 void setHour( int ); // set hour
14 void setMinute( int ); // set minute
15 void setSecond( int ); // set second
16
17 // get functions (normally declared const)
18 int getHour() const; // return hour
19 int getMinute() const; // return minute
20 int getSecond() const; // return second
21
22 // print functions (normally declared const)
23 void printMilitary() const; // print military time
24 void printStandard(); // print standard time
25 private:
26 int hour; // 0 - 23
27 int minute; // 0 - 59
28 int second; // 0 - 59
29 };
30
31 #endif
1. Class definition
1.1 Function
prototypes
1.2 Member variables

Outline
Source Code
1. Load Header
1.1 Function definitions
32 // Fig. 17.1: time5.cpp
33 // Member function definitions for Time class.
34 #include <iostream>
35
36 using std::cout;
37
38 #include "time5.h"
39
40 // Constructor function to initialize private data.
41 // Default values are 0 (see class definition).
42 Time::Time( int hr, int min, int sec )
43 { setTime( hr, min, sec ); }
44
45 // Set the values of hour, minute, and second.
46 void Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s )
47 {
48 setHour( h );
49 setMinute( m );
50 setSecond( s );
51 }
52
53 // Set the hour value
54 void Time::setHour( int h )
55 { hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0; }
56
57 // Set the minute value
58 void Time::setMinute( int m )
59 { minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0; }
60
61 // Set the second value
62 void Time::setSecond( int s )
63 { second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0; }

Outline
1.2 Purposely leave
out const keyword for
printStandard
64
65 // Get the hour value
66 int Time::getHour() const { return hour; }
67
68 // Get the minute value
69 int Time::getMinute() const { return minute; }
70
71 // Get the second value
72 int Time::getSecond() const { return second; }
73
74 // Display military format time: HH:MM
75 void Time::printMilitary() const
76 {
77 cout << ( hour < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << hour << ":"
78 << ( minute < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << minute;
79 }
80
81 // Display standard format time: HH:MM:SS AM (or PM)
82 void Time::printStandard() // should be const
83 {
84 cout << ( ( hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ) << ":"
85 << ( minute < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << minute << ":"
86 << ( second < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << second
87 << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );
88 }

Outline
1. Initialize variables
2. Attempt to use non-const
functions with
const objects
Program Output
89 // Fig. 17.1: fig17_01.cpp
90 // Attempting to access a const object with
91 // non-const member functions.
93
94 int main()
95 {
96 Time wakeUp( 6, 45, 0 ); // non-constant object
97 const Time noon( 12, 0, 0 ); // constant object
98
99 // MEMBER FUNCTION OBJECT
100 wakeUp.setHour( 18 ); // non-const non-const
101
102 noon.setHour( 12 ); // non-const const
103
104 wakeUp.getHour(); // const non-const
105
106 noon.getMinute(); // const const
107 noon.printMilitary(); // const const
108 noon.printStandard(); // non-const const
109 return 0;
110}
Compiling...
Fig07_01.cpp
d:fig07_01.cpp(14) : error C2662: 'setHour' : cannot convert 'this'
pointer from 'const class Time' to 'class Time &'
Conversion loses qualifiers
d:fig07_01.cpp(20) : error C2662: 'printStandard' : cannot convert
'this' pointer from 'const class Time' to 'class Time &'
Conversion loses qualifiers
Time5.cpp
Error executing cl.exe.
test.exe - 2 error(s), 0 warning(s)

Member Functions (III)
• Member initializer syntax
• Data member increment in class Increment.
• Constructor for Increment is modified as follows:
Increment::Increment( int c, int i )
: increment( i )
{ count = c; }
• ": increment( i )" initializes increment to the value of i.
• Any data member can be initialized using member initializer
syntax
• consts and references must be initialized this way
• Multiple member initializers
• Use comma-separated list after the colon

Outline
1. Class definition
1 // Fig. 17.2: fig17_02.cpp
2 // Using a member initializer to initialize a
3 // constant of a built-in data type.
5
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 class Increment {
10 public:
11 Increment( int c = 0, int i = 1 );
12 void addIncrement() { count += increment; }
13 void print() const;
14
15 private:
16 int count;
17 const int increment; // const data member
18 };
19
20 // Constructor for class Increment
21 Increment::Increment( int c, int i )
22 : increment( i ) // initializer for const member
23 { count = c; }
24
25 // Print the data
26 void Increment::print() const
27 {
28 cout << "count = " << count
29 << ", increment = " << increment << endl;
30 }
31
32 int main()
33 {

Outline
1.2 Initialize variables
2. Function calls
3. Output results
34 Increment value( 10, 5 );
35
36 cout << "Before incrementing: ";
37 value.print();
38
39 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) {
40 value.addIncrement();
41 cout << "After increment " << j + 1 << ": ";
42 value.print();
43 }
44
45 return 0;
46 }
Before incrementing: count = 10, increment = 5
After increment 1: count = 15, increment = 5

17.3 Composition: Objects as Members of
Classes
• Composition
• Class has objects of other classes as members
• Construction of objects
• Member objects constructed in order declared
• Not in order of constructor’s member initializer list
• Constructed before their enclosing class objects (host objects)
• Constructors called inside out
• Destructors called outside in

17.3 Composition: Objects as Members of
Classes (II)
• Example:
Employee::Employee( char *fname, char *lname,
int bmonth, int bday, int byear,
int hmonth, int hday, int hyear )
: birthDate( bmonth, bday, byear ),
hireDate( hmonth, hday, hyear )
– Insert objects from Date class (birthDate and hireDate)
into Employee class
– birthDate and hireDate have member initializers - they are
probably consts in the Employee class

Outline
1. Class definition
1.1 Member functions
1 // Fig. 17.4: date1.h
2 // Declaration of the Date class.
3 // Member functions defined in date1.cpp
4 #ifndef DATE1_H
5 #define DATE1_H
6
7 class Date {
8 public:
9 Date( int = 1, int = 1, int = 1900 ); // default constructor
10 void print() const; // print date in month/day/year format
11 ~Date(); // provided to confirm destruction order
12 private:
13 int month; // 1-12
14 int day; // 1-31 based on month
15 int year; // any year
16
17 // utility function to test proper day for month and year
18 int checkDay( int );
19 };
20
21 #endif

Outline
1. Load header
1.2 Date constructor
22 // Fig. 17.4: date1.cpp
23 // Member function definitions for Date class.
25
26 using std::cout;
27 using std::endl;
28
29 #include "date1.h"
30
31 // Constructor: Confirm proper value for month;
32 // call utility function checkDay to confirm proper
33 // value for day.
34 Date::Date( int mn, int dy, int yr )
35 {
36 if ( mn > 0 && mn <= 12 ) // validate the month
37 month = mn;
38 else {
39 month = 1;
40 cout << "Month " << mn << " invalid. Set to month 1.n";
41 }
42
43 year = yr; // should validate yr
44 day = checkDay( dy ); // validate the day
45
46 cout << "Date object constructor for date ";
47 print(); // interesting: a print with no arguments
48 cout << endl;
49 }
50

Outline
1.3 print function
1.4 Date destructor
1.5 checkDay function
51 // Print Date object in form month/day/year
52 void Date::print() const
53 { cout << month << '/' << day << '/' << year; }
54
55 // Destructor: provided to confirm destruction order
56 Date::~Date()
57 {
58 cout << "Date object destructor for date ";
59 print();
60 cout << endl;
61 }
62
63 // Utility function to confirm proper day value
64 // based on month and year.
65 // Is the year 2000 a leap year?
66 int Date::checkDay( int testDay )
67 {
68 static const int daysPerMonth[ 13 ] =
69 {0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};
70
71 if ( testDay > 0 && testDay <= daysPerMonth[ month ] )
72 return testDay;
73
74 if ( month == 2 && // February: Check for leap year
75 testDay == 29 &&
76 ( year % 400 == 0 ||
77 ( year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 ) ) )
78 return testDay;
79
80 cout << "Day " << testDay << " invalid. Set to day 1.n";
81
82 return 1; // leave object in consistent state if bad value
83 }

Outline
1. Load header
1.1 Class definition
1.2 Member functions
1.3.1 Include const
variables from Date
class
84 // Fig. 17.4: emply1.h
85 // Declaration of the Employee class.
86 // Member functions defined in emply1.cpp
87 #ifndef EMPLY1_H
88 #define EMPLY1_H
89
90 #include "date1.h"
91
92 class Employee {
93 public:
94 Employee( char *, char *, int, int, int, int, int, int );
96 ~Employee(); // provided to confirm destruction order
97 private:
98 char firstName[ 25 ];
99 char lastName[ 25 ];
100 const Date birthDate;
101 const Date hireDate;
102};
103
104#endif

Outline
1. Load header files
1.2 Employee
constructor
1.2.1 Use member-initializer
syntax for
const Date members
105// Fig. 17.4: emply1.cpp
106// Member function definitions for Employee class.
107#include <iostream>
108
109using std::cout;
110using std::endl;
111
112#include <cstring>
113#include "emply1.h"
114#include "date1.h"
115
116Employee::Employee( char *fname, char *lname,
117 int bmonth, int bday, int byear,
118 int hmonth, int hday, int hyear )
119 : birthDate( bmonth, bday, byear ),
120 hireDate( hmonth, hday, hyear )
121{
122 // copy fname into firstName and be sure that it fits
123 int length = strlen( fname );
124 length = ( length < 25 ? length : 24 );
125 strncpy( firstName, fname, length );
126 firstName[ length ] = '0';
127
128 // copy lname into lastName and be sure that it fits
129 length = strlen( lname );
130 length = ( length < 25 ? length : 24 );
131 strncpy( lastName, lname, length );
132 lastName[ length ] = '0';
133
134 cout << "Employee object constructor: "
135 << firstName << ' ' << lastName << endl;
136}

Outline
1.3 print definition
1.4 Employee
destructor
137
138void Employee::print() const
139{
140 cout << lastName << ", " << firstName << "nHired: ";
141 hireDate.print();
142 cout << " Birth date: ";
143 birthDate.print();
144 cout << endl;
145}
146
147// Destructor: provided to confirm destruction order
148Employee::~Employee()
149{
150 cout << "Employee object destructor: "
151 << lastName << ", " << firstName << endl;
152}

Outline
153// Fig. 17.4: fig17_04.cpp
154// Demonstrating composition: an object with member objects.
156
157using std::cout;
158using std::endl;
159
160#include "emply1.h"
161
162int main()
163{
164 Employee e( "Bob", "Jones", 7, 24, 1949, 3, 12, 1988 );
165
166 cout << 'n';
167 e.print();
168
169 cout << "nTest Date constructor with invalid values:n";
170 Date d( 14, 35, 1994 ); // invalid Date values
171 cout << endl;
172 return 0;
173}
1. Load header files
2. Create Employee
object
2.1 Attempt invalid
Date setting

Outline
Program Output
Date object constructor for date 7/24/1949
Employee object constructor: Bob Jones
Jones, Bob
Hired: 3/12/1988 Birth date: 7/24/1949
Test Date constructor with invalid values:
Month 14 invalid. Set to month 1.
Day 35 invalid. Set to day 1.
Date object destructor for date 1/1/1994
Employee object destructor: Jones, Bob

– friend function and friend classes
– Can access private and protected (more later) members of
another class
– friend functions are not member functions of class
– Defined outside of class scope
– Properties
– Friendship is granted, not taken
– NOT symmetric (if B a friend of A, A not necessarily a
friend of B)
– NOT transitive (if A a friend of B, B a friend of C, A not
necessarily a friend of C)

(II)
– friend declarations
– friend function
• Keyword friend before function prototype in class that is
giving friendship.
– friend int myFunction( int x );
– Appears in the class granting friendship
– friend class
• Type friend class Classname in class granting friendship
• If ClassOne granting friendship to ClassTwo,
friend class ClassTwo;
appears in ClassOne's definition

Outline
1. Class definition
1.1 Declare function a
friend
1.2 Function definition
1.3 Initialize Count
object
1 // Fig. 17.5: fig17_05.cpp
2 // Friends can access private members of a class.
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // Modified Count class
9 class Count {
10 friend void setX( Count &, int ); // friend declaration
11 public:
12 Count() { x = 0; } // constructor
13 void print() const { cout << x << endl; } // output
14 private:
15 int x; // data member
16 };
17
18 // Can modify private data of Count because
19 // setX is declared as a friend function of Count
20 void setX( Count &c, int val )
21 {
22 c.x = val; // legal: setX is a friend of Count
23 }
24
25 int main()
26 {
27 Count counter;
28
29 cout << "counter.x after instantiation: ";
30 counter.print();

Outline
2. Modify object
3. Print results
Program Output
31 cout << "counter.x after call to setX friend function: ";
32 setX( counter, 8 ); // set x with a friend
33 counter.print();
34 return 0;
35 }
counter.x after instantiation: 0
counter.x after call to setX friend function: 8

Outline
(Previous program
without friend
declared)
1 // Fig. 17.6: fig17_06.cpp
2 // Non-friend/non-member functions cannot access
3 // private data of a class.
5
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 // Modified Count class
10 class Count {
11 public:
12 Count() { x = 0; } // constructor
13 void print() const { cout << x << endl; } // output
14 private:
15 int x; // data member
16 };
17
18 // Function tries to modify private data of Count,
19 // but cannot because it is not a friend of Count.
20 void cannotSetX( Count &c, int val )
21 {
22 c.x = val; // ERROR: 'Count::x' is not accessible
23 }
24
25 int main()
26 {
27 Count counter;
28
29 cannotSetX( counter, 3 ); // cannotSetX is not a friend
30 return 0;
31 }

Outline
Program Output
Compiling...
Fig07_06.cpp
D:books2000cpphtp3examplesCh07Fig07_06Fig07_06.cpp(22) :
error C2248: 'x' : cannot access private member declared in
class 'Count'
D:books2000cpphtp3examplesCh07Fig07_06
Fig07_06.cpp(15) : see declaration of 'x'
Error executing cl.exe.
test.exe - 1 error(s), 0 warning(s)

17.5 Using the this Pointer
- this pointer
- Allows objects to access their own address
- Not part of the object itself
- Implicit first argument on non-static member function call to
the object
- Implicitly reference member data and functions
- Example: class Employee
- For non-const member functions: type Employee * const
- Constant pointer to an Employee object
- For const member functions: type const Employee * const
- Constant pointer to an constant Employee object

17.5 Using the this Pointer (II)
• Cascaded member function calls
– Function returns a reference pointer to the same object
{return *this;}
– Other functions can operate on that pointer
– Functions that do not return references must be called last

17.5 Using the this Pointer (III)
• Example
– Member functions setHour, setMinute, and setSecond all
return *this (reference to an object)
– For object t, consider
t.setHour(1).setMinute(2).setSecond(3);
– Executes t.setHour(1) and returns *this (reference to
object), and expression becomes
t.setMinute(2).setSecond(3);
– Executes t.setMinute(2), returns reference, and becomes
t.setSecond(3);
– Executes t.setSecond(3), returns reference, and becomes
t;
– Has no effect

Outline
1. Class definition
1.1 Function definition
1.2 Initialize object
2. Function call
1 // Fig. 17.7: fig17_07.cpp
2 // Using the this pointer to refer to object members.
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 class Test {
9 public:
10 Test( int = 0 ); // default constructor
12 private:
13 int x;
14 };
15
16 Test::Test( int a ) { x = a; } // constructor
17
18 void Test::print() const // ( ) around *this required
19 {
20 cout << " x = " << x
21 << "n this->x = " << this->x
22 << "n(*this).x = " << ( *this ).x << endl;
23 }
24
25 int main()
26 {
27 Test testObject( 12 );
28
29 testObject.print();
30
31 return 0;
32 }

Outline
Program Output
x = 12
this->x = 12
(*this).x = 12

Outline
Cascading function
calls
1. Class definition
1 // Fig. 17.8: time6.h
2 // Cascading member function calls.
3
4 // Declaration of class Time.
5 // Member functions defined in time6.cpp
6 #ifndef TIME6_H
7 #define TIME6_H
8
9 class Time {
10 public:
11 Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0 ); // default constructor
12
13 // set functions
14 Time &setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second
15 Time &setHour( int ); // set hour
16 Time &setMinute( int ); // set minute
17 Time &setSecond( int ); // set second
18
19 // get functions (normally declared const)
20 int getHour() const; // return hour
21 int getMinute() const; // return minute
22 int getSecond() const; // return second
23
24 // print functions (normally declared const)
25 void printMilitary() const; // print military time
26 void printStandard() const; // print standard time
27 private:
28 int hour; // 0 - 23
29 int minute; // 0 - 59
30 int second; // 0 - 59
31 };
32
33 #endif

Outline
1. Load header file
34 // Fig. 7.8: time.cpp
35 // Member function definitions for Time class.
37
38 using std::cout;
39
41
42 // Constructor function to initialize private data.
43 // Calls member function setTime to set variables.
44 // Default values are 0 (see class definition).
45 Time::Time( int hr, int min, int sec )
46 { setTime( hr, min, sec ); }
47
48 // Set the values of hour, minute, and second.
49 Time &Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s )
50 {
51 setHour( h );
52 setMinute( m );
53 setSecond( s );
54 return *this; // enables cascading
55 }
56
57 // Set the hour value
58 Time &Time::setHour( int h )
59 {
60 hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0;
61
63 }
64

Outline
65 // Set the minute value
66 Time &Time::setMinute( int m )
67 {
68 minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0;
69
71 }
72
73 // Set the second value
74 Time &Time::setSecond( int s )
75 {
76 second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0;
77
79 }
80
81 // Get the hour value
82 int Time::getHour() const { return hour; }
83
84 // Get the minute value
85 int Time::getMinute() const { return minute; }
86
87 // Get the second value
88 int Time::getSecond() const { return second; }
89
90 // Display military format time: HH:MM
91 void Time::printMilitary() const
92 {
93 cout << ( hour < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << hour << ":"
94 << ( minute < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << minute;

Outline
Source File
1. Load header
1.1 Initialize Time
object
2. Function calls
3. Print values
95 }
96
97 // Display standard format time: HH:MM:SS AM (or PM)
98 void Time::printStandard() const
99 {
100 cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 )
101 << ":" << ( minute < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << minute
102 << ":" << ( second < 10 ? "0" : "" ) << second
103 << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );
104}
105// Fig. 17.8: fig17_08.cpp
106// Cascading member function calls together
107// with the this pointer
109
110using std::cout;
111using std::endl;
112
113#include "time6.h"
114
115int main()
116{
117 Time t;
118
119 t.setHour( 18 ).setMinute( 30 ).setSecond( 22 );
120 cout << "Military time: ";
121 t.printMilitary();
122 cout << "nStandard time: ";
123 t.printStandard();
124
125 cout << "nnNew standard time: ";
126 t.setTime( 20, 20, 20 ).printStandard();

Outline
Program Output
127 cout << endl;
128
129 return 0;
130}
Military time: 18:30
Standard time: 6:30:22 PM
New standard time: 8:20:20 PM

17.6 Dynamic Memory Allocation with
Operators new and delete
– new and delete
– Better dynamic memory allocation than C’s malloc and free
– new - automatically creates object of proper size, calls
constructor, returns pointer of the correct type
– delete - destroys object and frees space
– Example:
– TypeName *typeNamePtr;
– Creates pointer to a TypeName object
– typeNamePtr = new TypeName;
– new creates TypeName object, returns pointer (which
typeNamePtr is set equal to)
– delete typeNamePtr;
– Calls destructor for TypeName object and frees memory

17.6 Dynamic Memory Allocation with
Operators new and delete (II)
• Initializing objects
double *thingPtr = new double( 3.14159 );
– Initializes object of type double to 3.14159
int *arrayPtr = new int[ 10 ];
– Create ten element int array, assign to arrayPtr.
– Use
delete [] arrayPtr;
to delete arrays

17.7 static Class Members
static class members
– Shared by all objects of a class
– Normally, each object gets its own copy of each variable
– Efficient when a single copy of data is enough
– Only the static variable has to be updated
– May seem like global variables, but have class scope
– Only accessible to objects of same class
– Initialized at file scope
– Exist even if no instances (objects) of the class exist
– Can be variables or functions
– public, private, or protected

17.7 static Class Members (II)
• Accessing static members
– public static variables: accessible through any object of the
class
– Or use class name and (::)
Employee::count
– private static variables: a public static member
function must be used.
• Prefix with class name and (::)
Employee::getCount()
– static member functions cannot access non-static data or
functions
• No this pointer, function exists independent of objects

Outline
1 // Fig. 17.9: employ1.h
2 // An employee class
3 #ifndef EMPLOY1_H
4 #define EMPLOY1_H
5
6 class Employee {
7 public:
8 Employee( const char*, const char* ); // constructor
9 ~Employee(); // destructor
10 const char *getFirstName() const; // return first name
11 const char *getLastName() const; // return last name
12
13 // static member function
14 static int getCount(); // return # objects instantiated
15
16 private:
17 char *firstName;
18 char *lastName;
19
20 // static data member
21 static int count; // number of objects instantiated
22 };
23
24 #endif
1. Class definition
1.1 Function
prototypes
1.2 Declare variables

Outline
1. Load header file
1.1 Initialize static
data members
25 // Fig. 17.9: employ1.cpp
26 // Member function definitions for class Employee
28
29 using std::cout;
30 using std::endl;
31
32 #include <cstring>
33 #include <cassert>
34 #include "employ1.h"
35
36 // Initialize the static data member
37 int Employee::count = 0;
38
39 // Define the static member function that
40 // returns the number of employee objects instantiated.
41 int Employee::getCount() { return count; }
42
43 // Constructor dynamically allocates space for the
44 // first and last name and uses strcpy to copy
45 // the first and last names into the object
46 Employee::Employee( const char *first, const char *last )
47 {
48 firstName = new char[ strlen( first ) + 1 ];
49 assert( firstName != 0 ); // ensure memory allocated
50 strcpy( firstName, first );
51
52 lastName = new char[ strlen( last ) + 1 ];
53 assert( lastName != 0 ); // ensure memory allocated
54 strcpy( lastName, last );
55
56 ++count; // increment static count of employees

Outline
57 cout << "Employee constructor for " << firstName
58 << ' ' << lastName << " called." << endl;
59 }
60
61 // Destructor deallocates dynamically allocated memory
62 Employee::~Employee()
63 {
64 cout << "~Employee() called for " << firstName
65 << ' ' << lastName << endl;
66 delete [] firstName; // recapture memory
67 delete [] lastName; // recapture memory
68 --count; // decrement static count of employees
69 }
70
71 // Return first name of employee
72 const char *Employee::getFirstName() const
73 {
74 // Const before return type prevents client from modifying
75 // private data. Client should copy returned string before
76 // destructor deletes storage to prevent undefined pointer.
77 return firstName;
78 }
79
80 // Return last name of employee
81 const char *Employee::getLastName() const
82 {
83 // Const before return type prevents client from modifying
84 // private data. Client should copy returned string before
85 // destructor deletes storage to prevent undefined pointer.
86 return lastName;
87 }

Outline
1. Initialize objects
2. Function calls
3. Print data
88 // Fig. 17.9: fig17_09.cpp
89 // Driver to test the employee class
91
92 using std::cout;
93 using std::endl;
94
95 #include "employ1.h"
96
97 int main()
98 {
99 cout << "Number of employees before instantiation is "
100 << Employee::getCount() << endl; // use class name
101
102 Employee *e1Ptr = new Employee( "Susan", "Baker" );
103 Employee *e2Ptr = new Employee( "Robert", "Jones" );
104
105 cout << "Number of employees after instantiation is "
106 << e1Ptr->getCount();
107
108 cout << "nnEmployee 1: "
109 << e1Ptr->getFirstName()
110 << " " << e1Ptr->getLastName()
111 << "nEmployee 2: "
112 << e2Ptr->getFirstName()
113 << " " << e2Ptr->getLastName() << "nn";
114
115 delete e1Ptr; // recapture memory
116 e1Ptr = 0;
117 delete e2Ptr; // recapture memory
118 e2Ptr = 0;

Outline
4. Output
119
120 cout << "Number of employees after deletion is "
121 << Employee::getCount() << endl;
122
123 return 0;
124}
Number of employees before instantiation is 0
Employee constructor for Susan Baker called.
Employee constructor for Robert Jones called.
Number of employees after instantiation is 2
Employee 1: Susan Baker
Employee 2: Robert Jones
~Employee() called for Susan Baker
~Employee() called for Robert Jones
Number of employees after deletion is 0

17.8 Data Abstraction and Information
Hiding
• Information hiding
– Classes hide implementation details from clients
– Example: stack data structure
• Data elements like a pile of dishes - added (pushed) and
removed (popped) from top
• Last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure
– Client does not care how stack is implemented, only wants
LIFO data structure

17.8 Data Abstraction and Information
Hiding (II)
• Abstract data types (ADTs)
– Model real world objects
• int, float are models for a numbers
• Imperfect - finite size, precision, etc.
• C++ an extensible language
– Base cannot be changed, but new data types can be created

17.8.1 Example: Array Abstract Data
Type
• Array
• Essentially a pointer and memory locations
• Programmer can make an ADT array
• New capabilities
• Subscript range checking, array assignment and comparison,
dynamic arrays, arrays that know their sizes...
• New classes
• Proprietary to an individual, to small groups or to companies, or
placed in standard class libraries

17.8.2 Example: String Abstract Data
Type
• C++ intentionally sparse
– Reduce performance burdens
– Use language to create what you need, i.e. a string class
• string not a built-in data type
– Instead, C++ enables you to create your own string class

17.8.3 Example: Queue Abstract Data Type
• Queue - a waiting line
• Used by computer systems internally
• We need programs that simulate queues
• Queue has well-understood behavior
– Enqueue - put things in a queue one at a time
– Dequeue - get those things back one at a time on demand
– Implementation hidden from clients
• Queue ADT - stable internal data structure
– Clients may not manipulate data structure directly
– Only queue member functions can access internal data

17.9 Container Classes and Iterators
• Container classes (collection classes)
• Classes designed to hold collections of objects
– Services such as insertion, deletion, searching, sorting, or testing
an item
Examples:
– Arrays, stacks, queues, trees and linked lists
• Iterator objects (iterators)
• Object that returns the next item of a collection (or some action)
– Can have several iterators per container
– Book with multiple bookmarks
– Each iterator maintains its own “position” information

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