2. What Is Malaria?
• Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by
Plasmodium parasites.
• Transmitted through bites of infected
Anopheles mosquitoes.
• Affects over 249 million annually
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3. Etiology of Malaria
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• The causative agent is protozoan parasites of genus
Plasmodium.
o 5 Human-infecting Species
• P. falciparum: most severe
• P. vivax: causes relapses
• P. malariae: chronic effects
• P. ovale: less common, relapses
• P. knowlesi: zoonotic origins
• P. knowlesi mainly infects monkeys, rarely humans.
4. Types of Malaria
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• Plasmodium Falciparum: Most severe, high mortality,
increase resistance to antimalarial drugs.
• Plasmodium Vivax: Can remain dormant in liver leads to
relapses weeks or months later.
• Plasmodium Ovale: Rare found in West Africa, mild
symptoms, similar to vivax also has a dormant liver stage
• Plasmodium Malariae: Long incubation period, up to
several months, chronic infections and kidney problems, less
prevalent than falciparum or vivax.
• Plasmodium Knowlesi: Monkey malaria, severe disease
similar to falciparum, most common in forested areas of
South Asia.
7. Ecology of Malaria
Habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes (warm, tropical
regions).
Mosquito breeding sites: stagnant water, vegetation.
Environmental factors influencing spread: climate,
rainfall, temperature.
Parasite development inside mosquitoes takes 10–14
days, influenced by climate.
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8. Epidemiology of
Malaria
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High Burden Areas: Sub-Saharan Africa, South
Asia, Latin America.
Vulnerable Groups: Children under 5, pregnant
women, travelers.
Geographic Reach: Endemic in over 90 countries.
Transmission Patterns: Seasonal in certain
regions.
13. Incubation Period
Incubation: 9-14 days for falciparum.
Months for vivax/ovale.
Relapse: Dormant liver stages (vivax ovale).
Recrudescence: Incomplete parasite clearance
(falciparum)
Reinfection: New mosquito bite, new infection
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