SysProg-Tutor 01 Introduction to C Programming Language

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Tutor Session I:

Introduction to C
University

Programming Language

Wongyos Keardsri (P’Bank)
Department of Computer Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok, Thailand
Mobile Phone: 089-5993490
E-mail: wongyos@gmail.com, MSN: bankberrer@hotmail.com
Twitter: @wongyos
2110313 Operating Systems and System Programs (1/2010)

Tutor Session - 1

Tutor Outline
Chulalongkorn
University

Introduction While
C History Do-While
C Language VS Java Language For
C Language Structure Functions and Program
Types, Operators and Structure
Expressions Non-Return Function
Data Input and Output Return Function
printf() The Standard C Library
Functions
scanf()
Control Flow Array, Pointer and String
If-Else Structures
Switch File Operations

2 2110313 Operating Systems and System Programs (1/2010)

Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
University C History
C is a structured computer
programming language
Appeared in1972 (1970s)
Designed and Developed by Dennis
Ritchie at the Bell Telephone
Laboratories
Derived from B and BCPL programming
language
Developed for the UNIX operating
system

Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
University C History (Cont)
Used and Implemented for:
System programming
Operating systems
Embedded system applications
C standard: ANSI C and ISO C
Book: The C Programming
Language, 2nd edition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
University C Language VS Java Language
Example C Code (Hello.c)
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
printf("Hello CPn");
}

Example Java Code (Hello.java)
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Hello CPn");
}
}


Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
University C Language VS Java Language (Cont)
C: Structured Java: Object-Oriented
Programming Programming
C Compiler Java Compiler (JVM)
Editor: Turbo C, vi, etc. Editor: JLab, Eclipse, etc.
Compile: (UNIX) Compile:
gcc Hello.c javac Hello.java
After compile After compile
a.out Hello.class
Run: Run:
./a.out java Hello
Hello CP Hello CP
Show an example Show an example

Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
University C Language Structure
General format
#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor / Including Library
#include <…………………>

main() { Begin
Function main:
[function-body];
[declaration-list] + [statement-list]
} End
.
. Semicolon
.
type func() {
Function func:
[function-body]; [declaration-list] + [statement-list]
}

Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
University C Language Structure (Cont)
An example C code
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int sum; /* Variable declaration */
sum = 15 + 25; /* Value assignment */
printf("The sum of 15 and 25 is %dn", sum);
}

The sum of 15 and 25 is 40


Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
Compile C by UNIX command
cc option file1 file2 …

Example 1
gcc example.c Compile

a.out

./a.out Run


Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
Example 2
gcc –c example.c Compile

example.o Object file

Convert to
gcc –o example.run example.o
Executable file

example.run Executable file

./example.run Run


Tutor Session - 1

Introduction
Chulalongkorn
Example 3
gcc –o example.run example.c Compile

example.run Executable file

./example.run Run

Wow


Tutor Session - 1

Types, Operators and Expressions
Chulalongkorn
University Data Types and Sizes

char Character (8 bit) Ex. ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘F’
int Integer (16 bit) Ex. 12, -2456, 99851
float Real single (32 bit) Ex. 23.82, 567.008
double Real double (64 bit) Ex. 0.0002100009
short Shot integer (16 bit) Ex. -4, 18
long Long integer (32 bit) Ex. 9547604608456
unsigned Unsigned integer (16 bit) Ex. 2, 908, 1392


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Variable Declaration

type-specifier list-of-variables;

Example
int x, y, x = 5;
float eps = 1.0e-5;
int limit = MAXLINE+1;
char s_name = 'A';
char str[] = "Hello CP";
double dd = 0.000000000001;

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Constant Declaration

#define VARIABLE constant-value
Note
Example
#define MAX 500 #include <stdio.h>
#define XX 0
#define STEP 20
main() {
#define PI 3.14159265 // Body program
#define VTAB 't' }

const char msg[] = "warning: ";
const double e = 2.71828182845905;

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Expression and Operations
Arithmetic Operators
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Modulation %
Example
fag = x % y;
c = a – (a/b)*b;
sum = var1 + var2 + var3;


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Expression and Operations (Cont)
Relational Operators
Less than < a < 5
Less than or equal <= a <= b
More than > a > b+c
More than or equal >= a >= b + 5
Equal == a == -6
Not equal != a != 0
Logical Operators
AND && (a > 0) && (b > 0)
OR || (a <= 0) || (b <= 0)
Negation ! !(a && c)

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise AND &
Bitwise OR (Inclusive OR) |
Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR) ^
Left shift <<
Right shift >>
One's complement ~
Example
x = 01001011 y = 00101100 ~x = 10110100
x & y = 00001000 x | y = 01101111
x ^ y = 01100111 x << 2 = 00101100

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Assignment Operators and Expressions
op is + - * / % << >> & ^ |
If expr1 and expr2 are expressions, then
expr1 op= expr2
Equivalent to
expr1 = (expr1) op (expr2)

Example
X += 1;
Equivalent
X = X + 1;

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Conditional Expressions
expr1 ? expr2 : expr3

If expr1 is true do expr2
If expr1 is false do expr3
Example
a = 5;
b = 10;
min = (a < b) ? a : b;


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Increment and Decrement Operators
Pre-increment operation ++variable
Post-increment operation variable++
Pre-decrement operation --variable
Post-decrement operation variable--
Example
x = 4;
y = x++ + 5; //x = 5, y = 9
x = 4;
y = ++x + 5; //x = 5, y = 10


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Type Cast Operator (Casting)
(type-specifier) expression;

Example
(double) date;
float var1 = 2.7;
int var2 = (int) var1; //var2 = 2
(char) x;
(int) d1 + d2;


Tutor Session - 1

Data Input and Output
Chulalongkorn
University printf() Statement
printf() is a function for display result to standard
output (Monitor, Screen)

printf(format, arg1, arg2, …);

Example
printf(“Hellon”);
//Hello
int num = 2;
printf(“%d is integer”, num);
//2 is integer

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University printf() Statement (Cont)
Conversion Operation [printf()]
d signed decimal conversion of an int or a long
u unsigned decimal conversion of unsigned
o unsigned octal conversion of unsigned
x, X unsigned hexadecimal conversion of unsigned
x = [a – f], X = [A - F]
c single character conversion
s string conversion
f signed decimal floating point conversion
e, E signed decimal floating point conversion in scientific
notation


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University printf() Statement (Cont)
Example of printf()
int j = 45, k = -123;
float x = 12.34;
char c = ‘w’;
Result
char *m = “Hello”;
printf(“Hello 55”); Hello 55
printf(“Tax is %d”, j); Tax is 45
printf(“%d”, j+k); -78
printf(“%3d %d”, j, k); 45 -123
printf(“%f %.2f”, x, x); 12.340000 12.34
printf(“%c”, c); w
printf(“%sn”, m); Hello
printf(“%sn”, “Hello”); Hello
printf(“%10sn”, “Hello”); Hello

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University scanf() Statement
scanf() is a function for read input from standard
input (Keyboard)

scanf(format, arg1, arg2, …);

Example
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &day, &month, &year);
int num;
printf(“Enter integer : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);
// Enter integer : 23

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University scanf() Statement (Cont)
Conversion Operation [scanf()]
d signed decimal conversion of an int or a long
u unsigned decimal conversion of unsigned
o unsigned octal conversion of unsigned
x, X unsigned hexadecimal conversion of unsigned
x = [a – f], X = [A - F]
c single character conversion
s string conversion
f signed decimal floating point conversion
e, E signed decimal floating point conversion in scientific
notation
[] read only character in [ ], if [^ ] read different character

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University scanf() Statement (Cont)
Example of scanf()
int d,m,y,x;
char ch1,ch2;
Result
float f;
scanf(“%d”, &x); 4
// x=4
scanf(“%2d%2d%4d”, &d,&m,&y); 22062007
// d=22, m=6, y=2007
scanf(“%d/%d/%d”, &d,&m,&y); 22/06/2007
// d=22, m=6, y=2007
scanf(“%c%c”, &ch1,&ch2); Ab
// ch1=‘A’, ch2=‘b’
scanf(“%f”, &f); 2.3
// f=2.300000


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
University Decision Statements
If-Else Statement
The if-else statement is used to express decisions.
Formally the syntax is

if (expression) {
true statement
} else {
false statement
}


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
University Decision Statements (Cont)
Nested If-Else
The sequence of if statements is the most general way
of writing a multi-way decision. Formally the syntax is
if (expression) {
statement
} else if (expression) {
statement
} else if (expression) {
statement
} else {
statement
}

Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
Example of If-Else

if (a < b) { if (score >= 80)
printf(“a less than grade = ‘A’;
bn”); else if (score >= 70)
} else { grade = ‘B’;
temp = a; else if (score >= 50)
a = b; /* swap a */
grade = ‘C’;
b = temp; /* and b */ else if (score >= 40)
printf(“Interchange a grade = ‘D’;
and bn”);
else
}
grade = ‘F’;


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
Switch Statement
The switch statement is a multi-way decision that tests
whether an expression matches one of a number of
constant integer values, and branches accordingly.

switch (expression) {
case const-expr: statements
case const-expr: statements
default: statements
}


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
Example of Switch
c = getchar();
switch (c) {
case '0': printf(“Zeron”); break;
case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8':
case '9': printf(“Ninen”); break;
case ' ':
case 'n': newln++; break;
case 't': tabs++; break;
default: printf(“missing charn”); break;
}


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
University Iteration Statements
While Statement
The expression is evaluated. If it is true, statement is
executed and expression is reevaluated. This cycle
continues until expression becomes false.

while (expression) {
Statement1;
Statement2;
...
}


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
University Iteration Statements (Cont)
Example of While
#include <stdio.h>
#define DOT ‘.’
main() {
char C;
while ((C = getchar())!= DOT)
putchar(C);
printf(“Good Bye.n”);
}

Result?


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
Do-While Statement
The do-while, tests at the bottom after making each
pass through the loop body; the body is always
executed at least once.

do {
statement1;
statement2;
…
} while (expression);


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
Example of Do-While
int i = 1, sum = 0;
do {
sum += i;
i++;
} while (i <= 50);
printf(“The sum of 1 to 50 is %dn”, sum);

Result?


Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
For Statement
The for statement

for (initial; expression; update) {
statement;
}

Equivalent to
initial;
while (expression) {
statement;
update;
}

Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
Example of For
for (i=1;i<=100;i++) {
x += i;
if ((x % i) == 0) { i--; }
}

for (i=0, j=strlen(s)-1; i<j; i++,j--)
{ c = s[i], s[i] = s[j], s[j] = c; }

char c;
int count;
for (count=0; (c=getchar() != ‘.’); count++)
{ }
printf(“Number of characters is %dn”, count);

Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
University Sequential Statements
Break and Continue Statement
The break statement provides an early exit from for,
while, and do-while.

break;

The continue statement is related to break, but less
often used; it causes the next iteration of the
enclosing for, while, or do-while loop to begin.

continue;

Tutor Session - 1

Control Flow
Chulalongkorn
University Sequential Statements (Cont)
Example of Break and Continue
int c;
while ((c = getchar()) != -1) {
if (C == ‘.’)
break;
else if (c >= ‘0’ && c <= ‘9’)
continue;
else putchar(c);
}
printf(“*** Good Bye ***n”);


Tutor Session - 1

Functions and Program Structure
Chulalongkorn
University

Functions (Method in Java) break large computing
tasks into smaller ones, and enable people to
build on what others have done instead of
starting over from scratch.

function-name (argument declarations) {
[ declaration-list]
[ statement-list ]
}


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of Function
/* Programming in function */
main() {
int hours, minutes, seconds;
int total_time = 0;
int convert();
printf(“Enter time in hours-minutes-seconds : “);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &hours, &minutes, &seconds);
total_time = convert(hours, minutes, seconds);
/* calling point */
printf(“The converted time is %d secondsn”,
total_time);
}


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of Function (Cont)
/* Function (called function) */
int convert (h, m, s)
int h, m, s;
{
int time; /* return-value variable */
time = (60 * h + m) * 60 + s;
return time; /* exiting point */
}


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Non-Return Function
Example of Non-Return Function
/* Main */
main() {
void display();
display();
}

/* Function Part */
void display() {
printf(“*** Hello and Good bye ***”);
}


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Return Function
Example of Return Function
/* Main Function */
main() {
float sq,x;
float square();
sq = square(x);
printf(“The square of x is %fn”, sq);
}

/* Function: square */
float square(x) {
return(x * x);
}

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University External Variable
Example of External Variable
main() {
int k = 15; k = 5
func1(); k = 5
func2(); k = 15
printf(“k = %dn”, k);
}

int k = 5; /* External Variable */

func1() { printf(“k = %dn”, k); } /*Function 1*/
func2() { printf(“k = %dn”, k); } /*Function 2*/


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Recursive Function
Example of Recursive Function
main() { /* Main Part */
int j;
long int factorial();
for (j = 0; j <= 10; j++)
printf(“%2d! is %ldn”, j, factorial(j));
}

long int factorial(n) /* Function Part */
int n;
{ if (n == 0) return (1);
else return (n * factorial(n-1));
}

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University The Standard C Library Functions
#include <stdio.h>
clearerr fprintf fwrite rewind
fclose fputc getc scanf
feof fputs getchar sprintf
ferror Fread gets sscanf
fflush freopen printf ungetc
fgetc fscanf putc
fgets fseek putchar
fopen ftell puts


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University The Standard C Library Functions (Cont)
#include <math.h>
acos(x) floor(x) atan2(x,y)
asin(x) log(x) power(x,y)
atan(x) log10(x)
ceil(x) sin(x)
cos(x) sinh(x)
cosh(x) sqrt(x)
exp(x) tan(x)
fabs(x) tanh(x)


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University The Standard C Library Functions (Cont)
#include <ctype.h>
isalnum ispunct
isalpha isspace
isascii isupper
iscntrl tolower
isdigit toupper
isgraph
islower
isprint


Tutor Session - 1

Array, Pointer and String
Chulalongkorn
University Array
Array is a group of related data items.
In C, there is a strong relationship between
pointers and arrays, strong enough that pointers
and arrays should be discussed simultaneously.
The declaration of one-dimensional array

type array-name[number-of-elements];

int a[15]; a[0], a[1], a[2], … , a[14] = 15 Element


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Array (Cont)
In the main memory
Value Address

a a[0] 5501
a[1] 5502
a[2] 5503

… … int a[15];
… …
… …

a[14] 5514


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Array (Cont)
Example of Array
/* Read five integers from the standard input and
display them in reverse order */

#define MAX 5
main() {
int j;
int a[MAX];

for (j = 0; j < MAX; j++)
scanf(“%d”, &a[j]);
for (j = MAX - 1; j >= 0; j--)
printf(“%dn”, a[j]);
}

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Pointer
A pointer is a variable that contains the address of
a variable.
Example of pointer
Value Address

x 25 7960 x = 25 int x = 25;
int *px;
… px = &x;
int y = *px;
px 7960 8132 px = &x //y = x = 25

y y = *px

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University Pointer (Cont)
Example (Cont)
main() {
int x = 5, *px;
px = &x;
int y = *px;
printf("x = %dn", x); x = 5
printf("y = %dn", y); y = 5
printf("*px = %dn", *px); *px = 5
printf("&x = %dn", &x); &x = -4195036
printf("px = %dn", px); px = -4195036
printf("&y = %dn", &y); &y = -4195044
x = 34;
printf("px = %dn", px); px = -4195036
printf("*px = %dn", *px); *px = 34
printf("y = %dn", y); y = 5
}

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Example
int x;
int *px, *py;
px x
px = &x; py
py = px;

main() {
int t[10];
int *pt;
for (pt = t; pt < &t[10]; pt++)
scanf(“%d”, pt);
for (pt = &t[10]; pt >= t; pt--)
printf(“%dn”, *pt);
}

Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
Example (Cont)
int x = 1, y = 2, z[10];
int *ip; /* ip is a pointer to int */
ip = &x; /* ip now points to x */
y = *ip; /* y is now 1 */
*ip = 0; /* x is now 0 */
ip = &z[0]; /* ip now points to z[0] */

Help me!!


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University String
A string constant, written as "I am a string" is an
array of characters. In the internal representation,
the array is terminated with the null character '0'
so that programs can find the end.
Example
char amessage[] = "now is the time";
/* an array */
char *pmessage = "now is the time";
/* a pointer */


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University String (Cont)
Example of String
char s1[] = “xyz”;
char s2[] = {‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, ‘0’};
char *s3 = “xyz”;

x
y
z
0


Tutor Session - 1

Chulalongkorn
University String (Cont)
Example
/* COUNT THE LENGTH OF STRING */
main() {
char *w = “good morning”;
int len();
printf(“Lengths of string is %dn”, len(w));
}

/* FUNCTION: len() for counting the length of string */
int len(string)
char string[]; // char *string;
{
int count = 0;
while (string[count] != NULL) count++;
return (count);
}

Tutor Session - 1

Structures
Chulalongkorn
University

A structure is a collection of one or more variables,
possibly of different types, grouped together
under a single name for convenient handling.
Structures are called "records'' insome languages,
notably Pascal.

struct structure-name {
type-specifier variable;
Members
...
};

Tutor Session - 1

Structures
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of Structure
struct person { Record = Node
int code;
char name[30]; int string string float
char address[40]; code name address salary
float salary;
};

struct point {
int x;
int x int y
int y;
};


Tutor Session - 1

Structures
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
A struct declaration defines a type.

struct structure-name variable-name,…;

Or declare in
struct structure-name {
type-specifier variable;
...
}variable-name;


Tutor Session - 1

Structures
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of Structure Declaration
struct person { struct person {
int code; int code;
char name[30]; char name[30];
char address[40]; or char address[40];
float salary; float salary;
}; }p;
struct person p;


Tutor Session - 1

Structures
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
A member of a particular structure is referred to
in an expression by a construction of the form

struct-variable-name.member-name

Example
p.code;
p.name;
p.address;
p.salary;


Tutor Session - 1

Structures
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of Struct Program
/* ASSIGN AND PRINT A DATE */
main() {
struct date { //Result
int dd = 22; Date is 22/ 6/2007
int mm;
int yyyy;
};
struct date today;
today.mm = 6;
today.yyyy = 2007;
printf(“Date is %2d/%2d/%4dn”, today.dd,
today.mm, today.yyyy);
}

Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University

The input and output functions, types, and
macros defined in <stdio.h> represent nearly
one third of the library.
The following functions deal with operations on
files:
fopen(filename, mode);
fclose(file pointer);
feof(file pointer);
getc();
putc();


Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
fopen() - opens the named file, and returns a stream, or
NULL if the attempt fails. Legal values for mode include:
"r" open text file for reading
"w" create text file for writing; discard previous contents if
any
"a" append; open or create text file for writing at end of file
"r+" open text file for update (reading and writing)
"w+" create text file for update, discard previous contents if
any
"a+" append; open or create text file for update, writing at
end

Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of fopen() to open file
FILE *file; File Pointer
FILE *fopen();

if ((file = fopen(“person.dat”, “r”)) == NULL)
printf(“Cannot open a data filen”);
else
...


Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
fclose() – close file, flushes any unwritten data for
stream, discards any unread buffered input, frees any
automatically allocated buffer, then closes the stream.
It returns EOF if any errors occurred, and zero
otherwise.
Example
int fclose();
...
if (fclose(file) != EOF)
printf(“Cannot close filen”;
else printf(“Now file is closedn”);

Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
feof() – check for end of file.
if (!feof(file))
printf(“It is not the end of file nown”);

getc() is equivalent to fgetc except that if it is a macro,
it may evaluate stream more than once.
int getc(file pointer);
putc() is equivalent to fputc except that if it is a macro,
it may evaluate stream more than once.
int putc(char c, file pointer);
putchar(c) is equivalent to putc(c,stdout).
int putchar(char c);

Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
fprintf() converts and writes output to stream under
the control of format. The return value is the number of
characters written, or negative if an error occurred.
int fprintf(file pointer, format, ...)
fscanf() reads from stream under control of format,
and assigns converted values through subsequent
arguments, each of which must be a pointer.
int fscanf(file pointer, format, ...)


Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of File Operations Program
/* A PROGRAM TO WRITE ONE LINE TO sample.txt */
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
FILE *fp;
char c = ‘ ‘;
fp = fopen(“sample.txt”, “w”);
printf(“Enter text belown”);
while (c != ‘n’) {
c = getchar();
putc(c, fp);
}
fclose(fp);
}

Tutor Session - 1

File Operations
Chulalongkorn
University (Cont)
Example of File Operations Program (Cont)
/* A PROGRAM TO READ TEXT FROM sample.txt AND DISPLAY
ON A MONITOR */
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
FILE *fp;
char c;
fp = fopen(“sample.txt”, “r”);
if (fp == NULL)
printf(“The file cannot be openedn”);
else
while ((c = getc(fp) != EOF) putchar(c);
fclose(fp);
}

Tutor Session - 1

End
Chulalongkorn
University

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SysProg-Tutor 01 Introduction to C Programming Language

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