The document discusses TypeScript, an open-source programming language developed by Microsoft, which is a superset of JavaScript aimed at large applications with features like optional static typing and compile-time error checking. It highlights the benefits of using TypeScript in React, such as improved readability, early problem detection, and better refactoring capabilities, while also mentioning concerns like recruitment and onboarding challenges. The target audience for TypeScript includes companies with large teams and codebases that appreciate strong typing.