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Uml for Java Programmers

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QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, NAWABSHAH, SINDH, PAKISTAN
QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, NAWABSHAH, SINDH, PAKISTAN

This document provides an overview of UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams for modeling software systems. It discusses the main diagram types including class, object, sequence, state, use case, and activity diagrams. For each diagram type, it explains the key elements such as classes, objects, messages, states, transitions, and how they are used to model different aspects of a system. It uses a TreeMap example to illustrate how UML can represent the key abstractions in code including classes, objects, relationships, lifecycles, and interactions between components. The document concludes that the diagrams presented provide sufficient information for most programming tasks and that additional UML knowledge may not be required for many practitioners.

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UML for Java Programmers Object Mentor, Inc. Or How Uncle Bob us e s UML. www.objectmentor.com fitnesse.org www.xprogramming www.junit.org Copyright © 1998-2001 by Object Mentor, Inc All Rights Reserved
The three modes of UML Conceptual Tied to human language. Specification A description of source code yet to be written. Implementation A description of source code that already exists. 2
Conceptual Tied to human language: Animal “An Anima l ISA Dog” Dog 3
Hmmm… 4
Tied to human language A n im a l Lounge C h a ir Led Z e p p lin 5 « S it s I n A » « D r in k s A » Dog « G ro o ve s T o » M a r tin i «S m okesA » C ig a r {W a yL o u d }
Models of the “Real World” Do not relate to software structure. Now it’s time for: Uncle Bob’s rant…. Human language is not the best foundation for software structure. A Circle ISA Ellipse. 6
A Circle ISA Ellipse User E llip s e C ir c le 7
Specification and Implementation Are tied to code. Follow the same rules. Differ only in detail. Sometimes. 8
Example: public class TreeMap { TreeMapNode topNode = null; public void add(Comparable key, Object value) {…} public Object get(Comparable key) {…} } class TreeMapNode { private Comparable itsKey; private Object itsValue; private TreeMapNode nodes[] = new TreeMapNode[2]; public TreeMapNode(Comparable key, Object value) {…} public Object find(Comparable key) {…} public void add(Comparable key, Object value) {…} } 9
Here’s some UML for that. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey «interface» Comparable itsValue Object 10
Classes and Relationships. Rectangles represent classes, and arrows represent relationships. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 11 «interface» Comparable Object
Associations. In this diagram all the relationships are associations. Associations are simple data relationships in which one object holds a reference to, and invokes methods upon, the other. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 12 «interface» Comparable Object
Relationship Names. The name on an association maps to the name of the variable that holds the reference. public class TreeMap { TreeMapNode topNode = null; } 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 13 «interface» Comparable Object
Multiplicity. A number next to an arrowhead typically shows the number of instances held by the relationship. If that number is greater than one then some kind of container, like an array, is implied. class TreeMapNode { private TreeMapNode nodes[] = new TreeMapNode[2]; } 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 14 «interface» Comparable Object
Class Icons. Class icons can have more than one compartment. The top compartment always holds the name of the class. The other compartments describe functions and variables. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 15 «interface» Comparable Object
Interface. The «interface» notation means that Comparable is an interface. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 16 «interface» Comparable Object
Optional. Most of the notations shown are optional Uncle Bob is going to ra nt a ga in… 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 17 «interface» Comparable Object
<<Grimace>>. But Uncle Bob, you didn’t ta lk a bout Aggre ga tion or Compos ition. Ra nt…. C ar E n g in e 18 S te e r in g W heel
Object Diagrams. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 19 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
Freeze Frame. It shows a set of objects and relationships at a particular moment in the execution of the system. You can view it as a snapshot of memory. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 20 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
Object Names are Underlined. the rectangle icons represent objects. You can tell that they are objects because their names are underlined. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 21 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
Object : Class The name after the colon is the name of the class that the object belongs to. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 22 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
Values. Note that the lower compartment of each object shows the value of that object’s itsKey variable. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 23 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
Links. The relationships between the objects are called links, and are derived from the associations. :TreeMap 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode topNode nodes TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) - itsKey = "Martin" itsKey «interface» Comparable nodes[LESS] itsValue Object nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode 24 nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
Sequence Diagrams. public void add(Comparable key,Object value){ if (topNode == null) topNode = new TreeMapNode(key, value); else topNode.add(key, value); } :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 25 [topNode != null]
Actor. The stick figure (actor) represents an unknown caller. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 26 [topNode != null]
Lifelines. The dashed lines are lifelines, they show the lifetime of the objects they descend from. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 27 [topNode != null]
Messages. The long arrows are messages sent between the objects. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 28 [topNode != null]
Guards. The boolean expressions inside square brackets are called guards. They show which path is taken. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 29 [topNode != null]
Construction. The message arrow that terminates on the TreeMapNode icon represents construction. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 30 [topNode != null]
Data Tokens The little arrows with circles are called data tokens. They show any arguments or return values. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 31 [topNode != null]
Activations. The skinny rectangle below TreeMap is called an activation. It depicts how much time the add method executes. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 32 [topNode != null]
Collaboration Diagrams. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 33
Same data as Sequence Diagrams. Collaboration diagrams make the relationships between the objects clear. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 34
Links (again). The objects are connected by relationships called links. A link exists wherever one object can send a message to another. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 35
Messages. Traveling over those links are the messages themselves. They are depicted as the smaller arrows. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 36
Message Labels. The messages are labeled with the name of the message, its sequence number, and any guards that apply. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 37
Sequence Numbers. The dot structure of the sequence number shows the calling hierarchy. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 38
State Diagrams. A Subway Turnstile. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 39 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
States. There are two states named Locked and Unlocked. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 40 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
Events. Two events may be sent to the machine. The coin event means that the user has dropped a coin into the turnstile. The pass event means that the user has passed through the turnstile. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 41 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
Transitions. The arrows are called transitions. They are labeled with the event that triggers the transition and the action that the transition performs. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 42 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
Interpretation. If we are in the Locked state and we get a coin event, then we transition to the Unlocked state and we invoke the Unlock function. If we are in the Unlocked state and we get a pass event, then we transition to the Locked state and we invoke the Lock function. If we are in the Unlocked state and we get a coin event, then we stay in the Unlocked state and we call the Thankyou function. If we are in the Locked state and we get a pass event, then we stay in the Locked state and we call the Alarm function. pass / Alarm Locked coin / Unlock pass / Lock 43 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
Sufficiency. The diagrams shown in this chapter are enough for most purposes. Most programmers could live without any more knowledge of UML that what is shown here. 44
Tools. Now ask me what I think about tools….. 45
Documentation. 46
Where to get this presentation. 47
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Uml for Java Programmers

  • 1. UML for Java Programmers Object Mentor, Inc. Or How Uncle Bob us e s UML. www.objectmentor.com fitnesse.org www.xprogramming www.junit.org Copyright © 1998-2001 by Object Mentor, Inc All Rights Reserved
  • 2. The three modes of UML Conceptual Tied to human language. Specification A description of source code yet to be written. Implementation A description of source code that already exists. 2
  • 3. Conceptual Tied to human language: Animal “An Anima l ISA Dog” Dog 3
  • 5. Tied to human language A n im a l Lounge C h a ir Led Z e p p lin 5 « S it s I n A » « D r in k s A » Dog « G ro o ve s T o » M a r tin i «S m okesA » C ig a r {W a yL o u d }
  • 6. Models of the “Real World” Do not relate to software structure. Now it’s time for: Uncle Bob’s rant…. Human language is not the best foundation for software structure. A Circle ISA Ellipse. 6
  • 7. A Circle ISA Ellipse User E llip s e C ir c le 7
  • 8. Specification and Implementation Are tied to code. Follow the same rules. Differ only in detail. Sometimes. 8
  • 9. Example: public class TreeMap { TreeMapNode topNode = null; public void add(Comparable key, Object value) {…} public Object get(Comparable key) {…} } class TreeMapNode { private Comparable itsKey; private Object itsValue; private TreeMapNode nodes[] = new TreeMapNode[2]; public TreeMapNode(Comparable key, Object value) {…} public Object find(Comparable key) {…} public void add(Comparable key, Object value) {…} } 9
  • 10. Here’s some UML for that. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey «interface» Comparable itsValue Object 10
  • 11. Classes and Relationships. Rectangles represent classes, and arrows represent relationships. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 11 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 12. Associations. In this diagram all the relationships are associations. Associations are simple data relationships in which one object holds a reference to, and invokes methods upon, the other. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 12 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 13. Relationship Names. The name on an association maps to the name of the variable that holds the reference. public class TreeMap { TreeMapNode topNode = null; } 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 13 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 14. Multiplicity. A number next to an arrowhead typically shows the number of instances held by the relationship. If that number is greater than one then some kind of container, like an array, is implied. class TreeMapNode { private TreeMapNode nodes[] = new TreeMapNode[2]; } 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 14 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 15. Class Icons. Class icons can have more than one compartment. The top compartment always holds the name of the class. The other compartments describe functions and variables. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 15 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 16. Interface. The «interface» notation means that Comparable is an interface. 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 16 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 17. Optional. Most of the notations shown are optional Uncle Bob is going to ra nt a ga in… 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode nodes TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) itsKey itsValue 17 «interface» Comparable Object
  • 18. <<Grimace>>. But Uncle Bob, you didn’t ta lk a bout Aggre ga tion or Compos ition. Ra nt…. C ar E n g in e 18 S te e r in g W heel
  • 19. Object Diagrams. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 19 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
  • 20. Freeze Frame. It shows a set of objects and relationships at a particular moment in the execution of the system. You can view it as a snapshot of memory. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 20 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
  • 21. Object Names are Underlined. the rectangle icons represent objects. You can tell that they are objects because their names are underlined. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 21 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
  • 22. Object : Class The name after the colon is the name of the class that the object belongs to. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 22 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
  • 23. Values. Note that the lower compartment of each object shows the value of that object’s itsKey variable. :TreeMap topNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Martin" nodes[LESS] nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" 23 nodes[GREATER] - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
  • 24. Links. The relationships between the objects are called links, and are derived from the associations. :TreeMap 2 TreeMap + add(key, value) + get(key) topNode topNode nodes TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode + add(key, value) + find(key) - itsKey = "Martin" itsKey «interface» Comparable nodes[LESS] itsValue Object nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Bob" - itsKey = "Robin" nodes[LESS] nodes[LESS] :TreeMapNode 24 nodes[GREATER] :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode :TreeMapNode - itsKey = "Alan" - itsKey = "Don" - itsKey = "Paul" - itsKey = "Sam" nodes[GREATER]
  • 25. Sequence Diagrams. public void add(Comparable key,Object value){ if (topNode == null) topNode = new TreeMapNode(key, value); else topNode.add(key, value); } :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 25 [topNode != null]
  • 26. Actor. The stick figure (actor) represents an unknown caller. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 26 [topNode != null]
  • 27. Lifelines. The dashed lines are lifelines, they show the lifetime of the objects they descend from. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 27 [topNode != null]
  • 28. Messages. The long arrows are messages sent between the objects. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 28 [topNode != null]
  • 29. Guards. The boolean expressions inside square brackets are called guards. They show which path is taken. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 29 [topNode != null]
  • 30. Construction. The message arrow that terminates on the TreeMapNode icon represents construction. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 30 [topNode != null]
  • 31. Data Tokens The little arrows with circles are called data tokens. They show any arguments or return values. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 31 [topNode != null]
  • 32. Activations. The skinny rectangle below TreeMap is called an activation. It depicts how much time the add method executes. :TreeMap add(key, value) value key [topNode == null] topNode: TreeMapNode add(key, value) 32 [topNode != null]
  • 33. Collaboration Diagrams. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 33
  • 34. Same data as Sequence Diagrams. Collaboration diagrams make the relationships between the objects clear. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 34
  • 35. Links (again). The objects are connected by relationships called links. A link exists wherever one object can send a message to another. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 35
  • 36. Messages. Traveling over those links are the messages themselves. They are depicted as the smaller arrows. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 36
  • 37. Message Labels. The messages are labeled with the name of the message, its sequence number, and any guards that apply. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 37
  • 38. Sequence Numbers. The dot structure of the sequence number shows the calling hierarchy. 1: add(key, value) :TreeMap [topNode != null] 1.1:add(key, value) topNode :TreeMapNode 38
  • 39. State Diagrams. A Subway Turnstile. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 39 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
  • 40. States. There are two states named Locked and Unlocked. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 40 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
  • 41. Events. Two events may be sent to the machine. The coin event means that the user has dropped a coin into the turnstile. The pass event means that the user has passed through the turnstile. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 41 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
  • 42. Transitions. The arrows are called transitions. They are labeled with the event that triggers the transition and the action that the transition performs. coin / Unlock pass / Alarm Locked pass / Lock 42 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
  • 43. Interpretation. If we are in the Locked state and we get a coin event, then we transition to the Unlocked state and we invoke the Unlock function. If we are in the Unlocked state and we get a pass event, then we transition to the Locked state and we invoke the Lock function. If we are in the Unlocked state and we get a coin event, then we stay in the Unlocked state and we call the Thankyou function. If we are in the Locked state and we get a pass event, then we stay in the Locked state and we call the Alarm function. pass / Alarm Locked coin / Unlock pass / Lock 43 Unlocked coin / Thankyou
  • 44. Sufficiency. The diagrams shown in this chapter are enough for most purposes. Most programmers could live without any more knowledge of UML that what is shown here. 44
  • 45. Tools. Now ask me what I think about tools….. 45
  • 47. Where to get this presentation. 47