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Valves operation and functions complete guide

Elsayed Amer, profile picture
Elsayed Amer

Eng. El Sayed Amer is a senior process and production engineer at Suez Oil Co. He has worked as a drilling and completion engineer for Weatherford drilling international. He is also an instructor for oil and gas courses. He is a member of several professional engineering organizations and certified in process modeling and reservoir simulation software. He has expertise in valves technology and operations in the process industry.

Engineering
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Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 1 El Sayed Amer Eng. Oil and Gas Instructor Bachelor's degree of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering 2012. https://bit.ly/2UFSgpn 01065860658 Eng20072007@gmail.com /elsayedameer Current Senior Process and Production Engineer at Suez Oil Co “SUCO” since 2014. Worked for Weatherford drilling international for 2 years as well drilling and completion engineer. Instructor for Oil & Gas Upstream and downstream courses at MTC Egypt, Egyptian syndicates of engineers, OGS & OPA. Member of SPE, AAPG, AACE, NACE, Environmental Geoscience. IWCF , HYSYS process modeling, Eclipse certified. Eng. El Sayed Amer Valvestechnologyandoperations
Valves Technology Process plant equipment Eng. El Sayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Introduction
Eng. El Sayed Amer 4 Valve definition A valve : is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are designed to withstand pressure, temperature, and flow.
Eng. El Sayed Amer 5 Valve definition • Valve cost is up to 20 to 30% of the piping cost for a plant, depending on the process; and the cost of a given type and size of valve can vary 100%, depending on its construction. • The size of a valve is mainly determined by the size of its ends, which connect to the pipe
Eng. El Sayed Amer 6 Valve definition
Eng. El Sayed Amer 7 valve Functions 01 Start and stop flow (On-off valves) 02 Control or regulate flow (Regulating valves) 03 Prevent back-flow (Check valves) 04 Relief over & under flow pressure.02
Eng. El Sayed Amer 8 Common valves in process industry
Eng. El Sayed Amer 9 Main Components • Body. • Bonnet. • Stem. • Disc. • Seat. • Stuffing Box. • Packing.
Eng. El Sayed Amer 10 Main Components 1. Body • Main pressure rating part • Hold all other parts • Are cast or forged structure made. • Valve body must be strong enough to take the maximum pressure of the process fluid. • End connected with pipeline
Eng. El Sayed Amer 11 Main Components 2. Bonnet • Bonnet contains packing, gland and stem. • The bonnet is attached to valve body by screws or bolts.
Eng. El Sayed Amer 12 Main Components 3. Stem • The stem, which connects the actuator and disc, is responsible for positioning the disc. • Stems are typically forged and connected to the disc by threaded or welded joints. • There are two types of valve stems: rising stems and non-rising stems.
Eng. El Sayed Amer 13 Main Components 4. DISC & SEAT • Fluid flow control. I. Start / allow II. Throttle III. Stop flow • The type of disk define valve name.
Eng. El Sayed Amer 14 Main Components 5. STUFFING BOX & PACKING • Stuffing box is a chamber that holds anti- seal material (packing). • Most valves use some form of packing to prevent leakage from the space between the stem and the bonnet. • Packing is commonly a fibrous material that forms a seal between the internal parts of a valve and the outside.
Eng. El Sayed Amer 15 Main Components 6. VALVE ACTUATOR • The actuator operates the stem and closing element (disk) assembly. • An actuator may be a manually operated hand wheel, manual lever, motor operator etc. Hand Lever Gear Operated Chain Operated Hand wheel
Eng. El Sayed Amer 16 Main Components 6. VALVE ACTUATOR
Eng. El Sayed Amer Classification
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 18 Valve Classification 01 02 03 According to function According to application According to motion
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 19 Valve Classification According to function Valve Function On/Off Ball valve Gate valve Plug valve Diaphragm valve Throttling Globe valve Butterfly valve Needle valve Ball valve Diaphragm valve Nonreturn Check valves
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 20 On–Off Valves Sometimes referred to as block valves used to start or stop the flow Common on–off valves include gate, plug, ball, pressure-relief, Safety relief valves Ball valves Gate valve Plug valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 21 Nonreturn valve A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve, reflux valve, retention valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. Check valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 22 Nonreturn valve • Used to prevent backflow of fluid, which could damage equipment or upset the process. • Useful in protecting a pump in liquid applications or a compressor in gas applications from backflow At Pump Discharges Pump A Pump B Isolation Valve Check Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 23 Throttling Valves used to regulate the flow, temperature, or pressure Common throttling valves include globe, pressure regulation valves Globe control valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 24 Valve Classification According to Applications Valve Applications General service valves special service valves severe service valves
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 25 Valve Classification According to Applications General service valves Designed for the majority of applications that have: 1. lower-pressure ratings between Class 150 and 600 2. Temperature ratings between 46 and 343°C 3. Noncorrosive fluids, and common pressure drops that do not result in cavitation or flashing.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 26 Valve rating According to Applications The rating of valves defines as the pressure – temperature relationship within which the valve may be operated. ➢WOG (Water, oil, gas). Rating used for small valves. ➢WSP (Working Steam Pressure). The high temperature rating.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 27 Valve rating According to Applications • NPS versus DN inches millimeters 0.25 6 0.5 15 1.0 25 2.0 50 4.0 100 8.0 200 16.0 400 • ANSI Pressure versus PN psi bar 150 16 300 40 600 100 900 160 1500 250 2500 400 4500 700 Note: PN correlates to DIN (Deustche Industrie Norme) pressure-temperature rating standards, which may vary significantly from ANSI pres.-temp. ratings.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 28 Valve Selection Considerations According to Applications  1. Pressure.  2. Temperature.  3. Type of fluid.  A. Liquid.  B. Gas, i.e., steam or air.  C. Dirty or abrasive (erosive)  D. Corrosive.  4. Flow Considerations  A. On-off or Throttling.  C. Is the valve needed to prevent  backflow.  D. Concern for pressure drop.  E. Velocity. 5. Operating conditions  A. Frequency of operation.  B. Accessibility.  C. Overall space/size available.  D. Manual or automated control.  E. Need for bubble-tight shut-off.  F. Concerns about body joint leaks.  G. Fire safe design.  H. Speed of closure.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 29 Valve Selection Considerations According to Applications
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 30 Bridge wall Markings
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 31 Valve Classification According to Applications special service valves 1. Designed for a single application that is outside normal process applications (custom-engineered valves). 2. Handled a demanding temperature, high pressure or a corrosive medium.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 32 Valve Classification According to Applications severe service valves 1. Equipped with special features to handle volatile applications and high pressure drops (highly engineered trims). 2. Special actuation may be required to overcome the forces of the process.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 33 Valve Classification According to Applications severe service valves
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 34 Valve Classification According to Motion Valve Motion Linear-motion Valves Globe valve Gate valve Diaphragm valve Rotary-motion Valves Ball Valve Butterfly valve Plug valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 35 Valve Classification According to Motion Linear-motion Valves 1. Had a sliding-stem design that pushes a closure element into an open or closed position. 2. Simple design, easy maintenance, and versatile with various sizes, pressure class and design options. 3. Example: gate, globe, diaphragm, three- way.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 36 Valve Classification According to Motion Linear-motion Valves
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 37 Valve Classification According to Motion Rotary-motion Valves 1. Used a closure element that rotates through a quarter-turn range to open and block the flow. 2. Limited to certain pressure drops. 3. Prone to cavitation and flashing problems.
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 38 Valve Classification According to Motion Rotary-motion Valves 1. Right tightly = close 2. Lefty Lucy = open
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 39 Valve Classification According to Port Size Valve Port Full-Port Valves Reduced-Port Valves
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 40 Valve Classification According to Port Size Full-Port Valves allow for the use of a pig in the pipeline Example: gate and ball valves A B
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 41 Valve Classification According to Port Size Reduced-Port Valves valves whose closure elements restrict the flow. flow area of that port of the closure element is less than the area of the inside diameter of the pipeline A
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 42 Valves typesValves Types And Functions
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 43 Globe Valve Valves Types A B A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. This movement creates the annular space between the disk and seat ring that gradually close as the valve closed. This characteristic provides the globe valve good throttling ability required for regulating the flow. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 44 Globe Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 45 Globe Valve Valves Types Valve components Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 46 Globe Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 47 Globe Valve Valves Types A Body designs: Z-body, Y-body, and angle Y-Pattern Angle Z-body Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 48 Globe Valve Valves Types B Disk design : ball disk, composition disk, and plug disk. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 49 Globe Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Recommended for throttling applications. Flow path causes a significant pressure drop. Good for frequent operation. Globe valves are more costly than alternative valves. Easy to repair. High pressure drop Noisy in high pressure applications Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 50 Ball Valve Valves Types A B A Ball valve is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve that uses a ball shaped disk to stop or start the flow. When the valve is opened the hole of disk is turned in-line with the direction of the flow. When the valve is shut, the ball is rotated so that the hole is perpendicular to flow direction. Most ball valves are of the quick-acting type, which requires a 90° turn of the valve handle to operate the valve. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 51 Ball Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 52 Ball Valve Valves Types Valve components Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 53 Ball Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 54 Ball Valve Valves Types Body design A Body designs: Float ball valve & Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 55 Ball Valve Valves Types Body design Ball valves are manufactured in different body arrangements Top entry Side entry or split body Three-piece body Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 56 Ball Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Low pressure drop Poor throttling characteristics Easy operation Wear and tear Fast acting Temperature operation limitationTwo-way flow possible Low maintenance costs Ball is used for opening & closing Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 57 Gate Valve Valves Types A B A gate valve can be defined as a type of valve that used a gate or wedge type disk and the disk moves perpendicular to flow to start or stop the fluid flow in piping. It is a linear motion valve used to start or stop fluid flow. These valves are either in fully open or fully closed position. C Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 58 Gate Valve Valves Types Valve components Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 59 Gate Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 60 Gate Valve Valves Types Valve operation Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 61 Gate Valve Valves Types Body design BASED ON STEMA • None Rising Stem Gate Valve• Rising Stem Gate Valve Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 62 Gate Valve Valves Types Body design BASED ON GATE DESIGNB Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 63 Gate Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Small Fluid Resistance Flow changes nonlinearly with stem travel Little torque required for opening and closing Vibration/cavitation when partially open Little pressure drop Subject to wear No flow restriction Repair work is difficult Good sealing when closed Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 64 Check Valve Valves Types A B known as non-return valves are valves that allow fluids to flow in only one way/direction. Can protect equipment and minimize damage in case of a leak in the upstream line. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 65 Check Valve Valves Types Valve operation Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 66 Check Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 67 Check Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 68 Check Valve Valves Types Body design BASED ON STEMA Swing check valve Dual plate check valve Ball check valve Lift check valve Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 69 Check Valve Valves Types Body design Swing Check ValveA Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 70 Check Valve Valves Types Body design Spilt (wafer) Disk Check valveB Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 71 Check Valve Valves Types Body design LIFT CHECK VALVESC Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 72 Check Valve Valves Types Body design Ball CHECK VALVED Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 73 Check Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Low pressure drop difficult to determine whether the valve is open or closed Quick opening the condition of internal parts cannot be assessed. Low maintenance costs limitations on its installation configurations Used for both high/low pressure Valve disc can stick in open position. Used for both horizontal & vertical flow Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 74 Plug Valve Valves Types A B Plug valve is Quarter-turn rotary motion Valve that uses a tapered or cylindrical plug to stop or start the flow. The disk is in plug shape, which has a passage to pass the flow. In open position, this bored passage is in line with the flow. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 75 Plug Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 76 Plug Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 77 Plug Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages simple design with few parts first movement (opening-closing) requires a large amount of force open and close easily Require a gearbox or an actuator. low flow resistance costs are much larger than ball valves Provide reliable leakage Smaller in size than most other valves Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 78 Needle Valve Valves Types A B A small type of globe valve, Used in instrument systems for throttling of small volumes. They have metal-to-metal seats, but due to the small size, can be used for positive shut-off Passageways that may plug easily and limit their use to very small flow rates. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 79 Needle Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 80 Needle Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 81 Butterfly Valve Valves Types A B A Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve, that is used to stop, regulate, and start the flow. Butterfly valves are a quick open type. A 90° rotation of the handle can completely close or open the valve. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 82 Butterfly Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 83 Butterfly Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 84 Butterfly Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 85 Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages relatively inexpensive, quarter-turn valves. Throttling is limited to low differential pressure Easily/quickly operated There is a chance for cavitation Good for large flow/low pressure applications due to saving in weight/size/cost suitable for large valve applications due to Compact, lightweight design Little pressure drop Butterfly Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 86 Valve End Connections
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 87 Valves Ends Valve End Connections C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s 1 Threaded ends 2 Welded ends 3 Flanged ends
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 88 Valves Ends Threaded Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Threaded (NPT,MS)
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 89 Valves Ends Welded Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s When zero leakage is required for environmental, safety, or any efficiency reasons the piping can be welded to the valve, providing one piece construction. Many users insist that high-pressure application requires a permanent end especially if they involve high temperatures A Weld Prep Butt Weld
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 90 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s The most expensive but are the best for installation and removal. The main advantage of flanges is that the valve can be removed easily from the line A Flanged end
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 91 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Raised Face (RF)
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 92 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Flangeless
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 93 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Ring Type Joint (RTJ)
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 94 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Clamp Connection (Graylok,ReFlange)
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 95 Valves P&ID PID Symbols D r a w i n g E n g i n e e r i n g
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 96 Control valve
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 97 Control valve Control valve parts Valve Body Actuator
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 98
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 99 Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 100 A safety Valve is a pressure Relief Valve characterized by rapid opening or pop action, or by opening in proportion to the increase in pressure over the opening pressure, depending on the application and may be used either for liquid or compressible fluid. Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 101 1. Conventional PSV 2. Balanced Type PSV (Balanced Bellow) 3. Pilot Operated PSV 4. Modulating Pilot Operated PSV 5. Thermal PSV The following types of PSV are generally used. Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 102 ▪ Direct acting vents are devices used to protect low pressure tanks constructed for internal pressures less than 15 psig against overpressure and vacuum which occurs normally as a result of liquid movement into or out of the tanks. ▪ Direct acting vents are weight/spring-loaded devices . Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 103 Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 104 Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 105 Control valve Why actuator required?
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 106 Control valve Why actuator required?
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 107 Control valve Why actuator required?
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 108 Control valve Why actuator required?
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 109 Control valve Why actuator required?
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 110 Control valve Types of Actuators Switch Box Actuator Operated Gear Box Operated Lever Operated
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 111 Control valve Types of Actuators Electric Hydraulic Pneumatic
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 112 Control valve Control loop
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 113 Control valve Control loop
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 114 Control valve Valve Arrangement
Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 115 Control valve Valve Arrangement

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Valves operation and functions complete guide

  • 1. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 1 El Sayed Amer Eng. Oil and Gas Instructor Bachelor's degree of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering 2012. https://bit.ly/2UFSgpn 01065860658 [email protected] /elsayedameer Current Senior Process and Production Engineer at Suez Oil Co “SUCO” since 2014. Worked for Weatherford drilling international for 2 years as well drilling and completion engineer. Instructor for Oil & Gas Upstream and downstream courses at MTC Egypt, Egyptian syndicates of engineers, OGS & OPA. Member of SPE, AAPG, AACE, NACE, Environmental Geoscience. IWCF , HYSYS process modeling, Eclipse certified. Eng. El Sayed Amer Valvestechnologyandoperations
  • 2. Valves Technology Process plant equipment Eng. El Sayed Amer
  • 3. Eng. El Sayed Amer Introduction
  • 4. Eng. El Sayed Amer 4 Valve definition A valve : is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are designed to withstand pressure, temperature, and flow.
  • 5. Eng. El Sayed Amer 5 Valve definition • Valve cost is up to 20 to 30% of the piping cost for a plant, depending on the process; and the cost of a given type and size of valve can vary 100%, depending on its construction. • The size of a valve is mainly determined by the size of its ends, which connect to the pipe
  • 6. Eng. El Sayed Amer 6 Valve definition
  • 7. Eng. El Sayed Amer 7 valve Functions 01 Start and stop flow (On-off valves) 02 Control or regulate flow (Regulating valves) 03 Prevent back-flow (Check valves) 04 Relief over & under flow pressure.02
  • 8. Eng. El Sayed Amer 8 Common valves in process industry
  • 9. Eng. El Sayed Amer 9 Main Components • Body. • Bonnet. • Stem. • Disc. • Seat. • Stuffing Box. • Packing.
  • 10. Eng. El Sayed Amer 10 Main Components 1. Body • Main pressure rating part • Hold all other parts • Are cast or forged structure made. • Valve body must be strong enough to take the maximum pressure of the process fluid. • End connected with pipeline
  • 11. Eng. El Sayed Amer 11 Main Components 2. Bonnet • Bonnet contains packing, gland and stem. • The bonnet is attached to valve body by screws or bolts.
  • 12. Eng. El Sayed Amer 12 Main Components 3. Stem • The stem, which connects the actuator and disc, is responsible for positioning the disc. • Stems are typically forged and connected to the disc by threaded or welded joints. • There are two types of valve stems: rising stems and non-rising stems.
  • 13. Eng. El Sayed Amer 13 Main Components 4. DISC & SEAT • Fluid flow control. I. Start / allow II. Throttle III. Stop flow • The type of disk define valve name.
  • 14. Eng. El Sayed Amer 14 Main Components 5. STUFFING BOX & PACKING • Stuffing box is a chamber that holds anti- seal material (packing). • Most valves use some form of packing to prevent leakage from the space between the stem and the bonnet. • Packing is commonly a fibrous material that forms a seal between the internal parts of a valve and the outside.
  • 15. Eng. El Sayed Amer 15 Main Components 6. VALVE ACTUATOR • The actuator operates the stem and closing element (disk) assembly. • An actuator may be a manually operated hand wheel, manual lever, motor operator etc. Hand Lever Gear Operated Chain Operated Hand wheel
  • 16. Eng. El Sayed Amer 16 Main Components 6. VALVE ACTUATOR
  • 17. Eng. El Sayed Amer Classification
  • 18. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 18 Valve Classification 01 02 03 According to function According to application According to motion
  • 19. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 19 Valve Classification According to function Valve Function On/Off Ball valve Gate valve Plug valve Diaphragm valve Throttling Globe valve Butterfly valve Needle valve Ball valve Diaphragm valve Nonreturn Check valves
  • 20. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 20 On–Off Valves Sometimes referred to as block valves used to start or stop the flow Common on–off valves include gate, plug, ball, pressure-relief, Safety relief valves Ball valves Gate valve Plug valve
  • 21. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 21 Nonreturn valve A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve, reflux valve, retention valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. Check valve
  • 22. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 22 Nonreturn valve • Used to prevent backflow of fluid, which could damage equipment or upset the process. • Useful in protecting a pump in liquid applications or a compressor in gas applications from backflow At Pump Discharges Pump A Pump B Isolation Valve Check Valve
  • 23. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 23 Throttling Valves used to regulate the flow, temperature, or pressure Common throttling valves include globe, pressure regulation valves Globe control valve
  • 24. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 24 Valve Classification According to Applications Valve Applications General service valves special service valves severe service valves
  • 25. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 25 Valve Classification According to Applications General service valves Designed for the majority of applications that have: 1. lower-pressure ratings between Class 150 and 600 2. Temperature ratings between 46 and 343°C 3. Noncorrosive fluids, and common pressure drops that do not result in cavitation or flashing.
  • 26. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 26 Valve rating According to Applications The rating of valves defines as the pressure – temperature relationship within which the valve may be operated. ➢WOG (Water, oil, gas). Rating used for small valves. ➢WSP (Working Steam Pressure). The high temperature rating.
  • 27. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 27 Valve rating According to Applications • NPS versus DN inches millimeters 0.25 6 0.5 15 1.0 25 2.0 50 4.0 100 8.0 200 16.0 400 • ANSI Pressure versus PN psi bar 150 16 300 40 600 100 900 160 1500 250 2500 400 4500 700 Note: PN correlates to DIN (Deustche Industrie Norme) pressure-temperature rating standards, which may vary significantly from ANSI pres.-temp. ratings.
  • 28. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 28 Valve Selection Considerations According to Applications  1. Pressure.  2. Temperature.  3. Type of fluid.  A. Liquid.  B. Gas, i.e., steam or air.  C. Dirty or abrasive (erosive)  D. Corrosive.  4. Flow Considerations  A. On-off or Throttling.  C. Is the valve needed to prevent  backflow.  D. Concern for pressure drop.  E. Velocity. 5. Operating conditions  A. Frequency of operation.  B. Accessibility.  C. Overall space/size available.  D. Manual or automated control.  E. Need for bubble-tight shut-off.  F. Concerns about body joint leaks.  G. Fire safe design.  H. Speed of closure.
  • 29. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 29 Valve Selection Considerations According to Applications
  • 30. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 30 Bridge wall Markings
  • 31. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 31 Valve Classification According to Applications special service valves 1. Designed for a single application that is outside normal process applications (custom-engineered valves). 2. Handled a demanding temperature, high pressure or a corrosive medium.
  • 32. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 32 Valve Classification According to Applications severe service valves 1. Equipped with special features to handle volatile applications and high pressure drops (highly engineered trims). 2. Special actuation may be required to overcome the forces of the process.
  • 33. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 33 Valve Classification According to Applications severe service valves
  • 34. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 34 Valve Classification According to Motion Valve Motion Linear-motion Valves Globe valve Gate valve Diaphragm valve Rotary-motion Valves Ball Valve Butterfly valve Plug valve
  • 35. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 35 Valve Classification According to Motion Linear-motion Valves 1. Had a sliding-stem design that pushes a closure element into an open or closed position. 2. Simple design, easy maintenance, and versatile with various sizes, pressure class and design options. 3. Example: gate, globe, diaphragm, three- way.
  • 36. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 36 Valve Classification According to Motion Linear-motion Valves
  • 37. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 37 Valve Classification According to Motion Rotary-motion Valves 1. Used a closure element that rotates through a quarter-turn range to open and block the flow. 2. Limited to certain pressure drops. 3. Prone to cavitation and flashing problems.
  • 38. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 38 Valve Classification According to Motion Rotary-motion Valves 1. Right tightly = close 2. Lefty Lucy = open
  • 39. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 39 Valve Classification According to Port Size Valve Port Full-Port Valves Reduced-Port Valves
  • 40. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 40 Valve Classification According to Port Size Full-Port Valves allow for the use of a pig in the pipeline Example: gate and ball valves A B
  • 41. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 41 Valve Classification According to Port Size Reduced-Port Valves valves whose closure elements restrict the flow. flow area of that port of the closure element is less than the area of the inside diameter of the pipeline A
  • 42. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 42 Valves typesValves Types And Functions
  • 43. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 43 Globe Valve Valves Types A B A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. This movement creates the annular space between the disk and seat ring that gradually close as the valve closed. This characteristic provides the globe valve good throttling ability required for regulating the flow. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 44. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 44 Globe Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 45. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 45 Globe Valve Valves Types Valve components Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 46. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 46 Globe Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 47. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 47 Globe Valve Valves Types A Body designs: Z-body, Y-body, and angle Y-Pattern Angle Z-body Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 48. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 48 Globe Valve Valves Types B Disk design : ball disk, composition disk, and plug disk. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 49. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 49 Globe Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Recommended for throttling applications. Flow path causes a significant pressure drop. Good for frequent operation. Globe valves are more costly than alternative valves. Easy to repair. High pressure drop Noisy in high pressure applications Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 50. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 50 Ball Valve Valves Types A B A Ball valve is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve that uses a ball shaped disk to stop or start the flow. When the valve is opened the hole of disk is turned in-line with the direction of the flow. When the valve is shut, the ball is rotated so that the hole is perpendicular to flow direction. Most ball valves are of the quick-acting type, which requires a 90° turn of the valve handle to operate the valve. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 51. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 51 Ball Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 52. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 52 Ball Valve Valves Types Valve components Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 53. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 53 Ball Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 54. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 54 Ball Valve Valves Types Body design A Body designs: Float ball valve & Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 55. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 55 Ball Valve Valves Types Body design Ball valves are manufactured in different body arrangements Top entry Side entry or split body Three-piece body Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 56. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 56 Ball Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Low pressure drop Poor throttling characteristics Easy operation Wear and tear Fast acting Temperature operation limitationTwo-way flow possible Low maintenance costs Ball is used for opening & closing Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 57. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 57 Gate Valve Valves Types A B A gate valve can be defined as a type of valve that used a gate or wedge type disk and the disk moves perpendicular to flow to start or stop the fluid flow in piping. It is a linear motion valve used to start or stop fluid flow. These valves are either in fully open or fully closed position. C Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 58. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 58 Gate Valve Valves Types Valve components Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 59. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 59 Gate Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 60. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 60 Gate Valve Valves Types Valve operation Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 61. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 61 Gate Valve Valves Types Body design BASED ON STEMA • None Rising Stem Gate Valve• Rising Stem Gate Valve Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 62. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 62 Gate Valve Valves Types Body design BASED ON GATE DESIGNB Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 63. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 63 Gate Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Small Fluid Resistance Flow changes nonlinearly with stem travel Little torque required for opening and closing Vibration/cavitation when partially open Little pressure drop Subject to wear No flow restriction Repair work is difficult Good sealing when closed Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 64. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 64 Check Valve Valves Types A B known as non-return valves are valves that allow fluids to flow in only one way/direction. Can protect equipment and minimize damage in case of a leak in the upstream line. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 65. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 65 Check Valve Valves Types Valve operation Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 66. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 66 Check Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 67. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 67 Check Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 68. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 68 Check Valve Valves Types Body design BASED ON STEMA Swing check valve Dual plate check valve Ball check valve Lift check valve Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 69. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 69 Check Valve Valves Types Body design Swing Check ValveA Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 70. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 70 Check Valve Valves Types Body design Spilt (wafer) Disk Check valveB Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 71. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 71 Check Valve Valves Types Body design LIFT CHECK VALVESC Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 72. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 72 Check Valve Valves Types Body design Ball CHECK VALVED Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 73. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 73 Check Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Low pressure drop difficult to determine whether the valve is open or closed Quick opening the condition of internal parts cannot be assessed. Low maintenance costs limitations on its installation configurations Used for both high/low pressure Valve disc can stick in open position. Used for both horizontal & vertical flow Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 74. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 74 Plug Valve Valves Types A B Plug valve is Quarter-turn rotary motion Valve that uses a tapered or cylindrical plug to stop or start the flow. The disk is in plug shape, which has a passage to pass the flow. In open position, this bored passage is in line with the flow. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 75. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 75 Plug Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 76. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 76 Plug Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 77. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 77 Plug Valve Valves Types Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages simple design with few parts first movement (opening-closing) requires a large amount of force open and close easily Require a gearbox or an actuator. low flow resistance costs are much larger than ball valves Provide reliable leakage Smaller in size than most other valves Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 78. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 78 Needle Valve Valves Types A B A small type of globe valve, Used in instrument systems for throttling of small volumes. They have metal-to-metal seats, but due to the small size, can be used for positive shut-off Passageways that may plug easily and limit their use to very small flow rates. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 79. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 79 Needle Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 80. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 80 Needle Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 81. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 81 Butterfly Valve Valves Types A B A Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve, that is used to stop, regulate, and start the flow. Butterfly valves are a quick open type. A 90° rotation of the handle can completely close or open the valve. Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 82. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 82 Butterfly Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 83. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 83 Butterfly Valve Valves Types Valve component Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 84. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 84 Butterfly Valve Valves Types Flow direction Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 85. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 85 Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages relatively inexpensive, quarter-turn valves. Throttling is limited to low differential pressure Easily/quickly operated There is a chance for cavitation Good for large flow/low pressure applications due to saving in weight/size/cost suitable for large valve applications due to Compact, lightweight design Little pressure drop Butterfly Valve Valves Types Globe valve Ball Valve Gate valve Ball Valve Check valve Plug Valve Needle valve Butterfly Valve
  • 86. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 86 Valve End Connections
  • 87. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 87 Valves Ends Valve End Connections C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s 1 Threaded ends 2 Welded ends 3 Flanged ends
  • 88. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 88 Valves Ends Threaded Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Threaded (NPT,MS)
  • 89. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 89 Valves Ends Welded Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s When zero leakage is required for environmental, safety, or any efficiency reasons the piping can be welded to the valve, providing one piece construction. Many users insist that high-pressure application requires a permanent end especially if they involve high temperatures A Weld Prep Butt Weld
  • 90. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 90 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s The most expensive but are the best for installation and removal. The main advantage of flanges is that the valve can be removed easily from the line A Flanged end
  • 91. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 91 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Raised Face (RF)
  • 92. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 92 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Flangeless
  • 93. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 93 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Ring Type Joint (RTJ)
  • 94. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 94 Valves Ends Flanged Ends C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s Clamp Connection (Graylok,ReFlange)
  • 95. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 95 Valves P&ID PID Symbols D r a w i n g E n g i n e e r i n g
  • 96. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 96 Control valve
  • 97. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 97 Control valve Control valve parts Valve Body Actuator
  • 98. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 98
  • 99. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 99 Eng. Elsayed Amer
  • 100. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 100 A safety Valve is a pressure Relief Valve characterized by rapid opening or pop action, or by opening in proportion to the increase in pressure over the opening pressure, depending on the application and may be used either for liquid or compressible fluid. Eng. Elsayed Amer
  • 101. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 101 1. Conventional PSV 2. Balanced Type PSV (Balanced Bellow) 3. Pilot Operated PSV 4. Modulating Pilot Operated PSV 5. Thermal PSV The following types of PSV are generally used. Eng. Elsayed Amer
  • 102. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 102 ▪ Direct acting vents are devices used to protect low pressure tanks constructed for internal pressures less than 15 psig against overpressure and vacuum which occurs normally as a result of liquid movement into or out of the tanks. ▪ Direct acting vents are weight/spring-loaded devices . Eng. Elsayed Amer
  • 103. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 103 Eng. Elsayed Amer
  • 104. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 104 Eng. Elsayed Amer
  • 105. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 105 Control valve Why actuator required?
  • 106. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 106 Control valve Why actuator required?
  • 107. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 107 Control valve Why actuator required?
  • 108. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 108 Control valve Why actuator required?
  • 109. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 109 Control valve Why actuator required?
  • 110. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 110 Control valve Types of Actuators Switch Box Actuator Operated Gear Box Operated Lever Operated
  • 111. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 111 Control valve Types of Actuators Electric Hydraulic Pneumatic
  • 112. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 112 Control valve Control loop
  • 113. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 113 Control valve Control loop
  • 114. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 114 Control valve Valve Arrangement
  • 115. Eng. El Sayed Amer Page 115 Control valve Valve Arrangement