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VBA
Integrating Python
for Enhanced Automation
Hayden Van Der Post
Reactive Publishing

CONTENTS
Title Page
Chapter 1: Advanced VBA Techniques
Chapter 2: Object-Oriented Programming in VBA
Chapter 3: Integrating VBA with External Data Sources
Chapter 4: Introduction to Python for VBA Users
Chapter 5: Communication Between VBA and Python
Chapter 6: Advanced Applications and Automation
Chapter 7: Best Practices, and Tips

E
CHAPTER 1: ADVANCED
VBA TECHNIQUES
rrors in VBA can be broadly categorized into three types: syntax
errors, runtime errors, and logical errors. Syntax errors occur when the
code does not conform to the language rules and are usually detected
by the VBA editor. Runtime errors happen during the execution of the code,
often due to unforeseen circumstances like file not found or division by
zero. Logical errors are the hardest to detect as they arise from flawed logic,
causing the program to produce incorrect results without crashing.
Using Òn Error` Statements
One of the most powerful tools in VBA for error handling is the Òn Error`
statement. It allows you to define how your program should respond to
different types of errors. The basic syntax involves setting an error handler
using Òn Error GoTo`, Òn Error Resume Next`, or Òn Error GoTo 0`.
# Example: Using Òn Error GoTo`
```vba
Sub ErrorHandlingExample()
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Dim result As Double
' Intentional division by zero to trigger an error

result = 10 / 0
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "An error occurred: " & Err.Description, vbExclamation
' Additional error handling code
Resume Next
End Sub
```
In this example, any error encountered in the code will trigger the
`ErrorHandler` label, displaying a message box with the error description.
The `Resume Next` keyword allows the program to continue after the error
handling code.
Structured Error Handling
For larger projects, structured error handling provides a more organized
approach. VBA lacks built-in structured error handling like try-catch blocks
in other languages, but you can mimic this behavior using modular error
handling functions.
# Example: Modular Error Handling
```vba
Sub MainProcedure()
Call SubProcedure1
Call SubProcedure2
Exit Sub

ErrorHandler:
ErrorHandlerRoutine
Resume Next
End Sub
Sub SubProcedure1()
' Sub procedure code with potential errors
End Sub
Sub SubProcedure2()
' Sub procedure code with potential errors
End Sub
Sub ErrorHandlerRoutine()
MsgBox "An error occurred in the application.", vbExclamation
' Additional logging or cleanup code
End Sub
```
This approach centralizes error handling, making it easier to manage and
update.
Debugging Techniques
Debugging is an iterative process of identifying, isolating, and fixing errors
in your code. VBA provides several tools and techniques to aid in this
process, including the Immediate Window, Watch Window, and
Breakpoints.
# Using the Immediate Window

The Immediate Window is an invaluable tool for testing code snippets,
inspecting variable values, and executing commands on-the-fly. You can
access it by pressing `Ctrl+G` in the VBA editor.
## Example: Inspecting Variable Values
```vba
Sub DebugExample()
Dim testValue As Integer
testValue = 42
Debug.Print "The value of testValue is: " & testValue
End Sub
```
Running this code will print the value of `testValue` in the Immediate
Window, helping you verify its correctness.
# Setting Breakpoints
Breakpoints allow you to pause the execution of your code at specific lines,
giving you the opportunity to inspect the state of your application. You can
set a breakpoint by clicking in the margin next to the code line or pressing
`F9`.
# Example: Using Breakpoints
```vba
Sub BreakpointExample()
Dim counter As Integer
For counter = 1 To 10
Debug.Print "Counter is: " & counter

Next counter
End Sub
```
Setting a breakpoint inside the loop lets you step through each iteration,
examining the value of `counter` at each step.
# The Watch Window
The Watch Window enables you to monitor specific variables or
expressions during the execution of your code. Adding a watch can be done
by selecting the variable, right-clicking, and choosing "Add Watch."
# Example: Monitoring a Variable
```vba
Sub WatchWindowExample()
Dim sum As Integer
sum = 0
For i = 1 To 5
sum = sum + i
Debug.Print "Sum is: " & sum
Next i
End Sub
```
Adding a watch on the `sum` variable allows you to see its value change
with each iteration.
Logging Errors

Maintaining a log of errors can be immensely helpful for diagnosing issues,
especially in production environments. You can create a simple logging
mechanism by writing error details to a text file.
# Example: Error Logging
```vba
Sub ErrorLoggingExample()
' Code that might generate an error
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
Call LogError(Err.Number, Err.Description)
Resume Next
End Sub
Sub LogError(ByVal ErrorNumber As Long, ByVal ErrorDescription As
String)
Dim logFile As String
logFile = "C:ErrorLog.txt"
Dim fileNumber As Integer
fileNumber = FreeFile
Open logFile For Append As #fileNumber
Print #fileNumber, Now & " - Error " & ErrorNumber & ": " &
ErrorDescription
Close #fileNumber
End Sub
```

This script writes the error number and description to a log file, along with
the timestamp of when the error occurred.
Advanced Data Types and Data Structures
Variants: The Flexible Data Type
The Variant data type is versatile, capable of holding any type of data. This
flexibility makes it particularly useful when dealing with uncertain or
dynamically changing data. However, this power comes with a trade-off:
Variants are memory-intensive and can slow down your program if used
excessively. Therefore, judicious use is recommended.
# Example: Using Variants
```vba
Sub VariantExample()
Dim flexibleVar As Variant
flexibleVar = 42 ' Integer
MsgBox "Integer value: " & flexibleVar
flexibleVar = "Hello" ' String
MsgBox "String value: " & flexibleVar
flexibleVar = Now ' Date
MsgBox "Date value: " & flexibleVar
End Sub
```
In this example, `flexibleVar` holds different types of data at different
points, showcasing the versatility of the Variant type.

User-Defined Types (UDTs)
User-Defined Types, or UDTs, allow you to create custom data structures
that group related data. This feature is particularly useful for representing
complex entities like customers, products, or transactions. UDTs enhance
code readability and maintainability by encapsulating data in a single
structure.
# Example: Creating and Using UDTs
```vba
Type Customer
CustomerID As Long
Name As String
Email As String
JoinDate As Date
End Type
Sub UDTExample()
Dim cust As Customer
cust.CustomerID = 12345
cust.Name = "John Doe"
cust.Email = "john.doe@example.com"
cust.JoinDate = Date
MsgBox "Customer Name: " & cust.Name
End Sub
```
Here, the `Customer` UDT encapsulates customer-related information,
making the code more organized and easier to manage.

Arrays: Handling Multiple Values
Arrays are fundamental data structures that store multiple values of the
same type. VBA supports both static and dynamic arrays, where the size of
static arrays is fixed at compile-time, and dynamic arrays can be resized at
runtime.
# Example: Static Arrays
```vba
Sub StaticArrayExample()
Dim numbers(1 To 5) As Integer
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 5
numbers(i) = i * 10
Next i
For i = 1 To 5
Debug.Print "Number " & i & ": " & numbers(i)
Next i
End Sub
```
This code demonstrates how to declare and initialize a static array, followed
by iterating through its elements.
# Example: Dynamic Arrays
```vba
Sub DynamicArrayExample()
Dim numbers() As Integer

Dim i As Integer
ReDim numbers(1 To 5)
For i = 1 To 5
numbers(i) = i * 10
Next i
For i = 1 To 5
Next i
' Resize the array
ReDim Preserve numbers(1 To 10)
For i = 6 To 10
numbers(i) = i * 10
Next i
For i = 1 To 10
Next i
End Sub
```
Dynamic arrays, as shown here, can be resized using the `ReDim`
statement. The `Preserve` keyword retains existing data when resizing.
Collections and Dictionaries
Collections and dictionaries offer more advanced data structures for
handling groups of related items. They provide greater flexibility and
functionality compared to arrays, including dynamic resizing and key-value
pair storage.

# Collections
Collections are part of the VBA language, allowing you to store objects or
values in a highly flexible manner. They support dynamic resizing and can
hold mixed data types.
# Example: Using Collections
```vba
Sub CollectionExample()
Dim studentNames As Collection
Set studentNames = New Collection
studentNames.Add "Alice"
studentNames.Add "Bob"
studentNames.Add "Charlie"
Dim name As Variant
For Each name In studentNames
Debug.Print name
Next name
End Sub
```
In this example, a collection `studentNames` stores and iterates through a
list of student names.
# Dictionaries
Dictionaries, provided by the Microsoft Scripting Runtime library, allow
you to store items as key-value pairs. This structure is suitable for scenarios
where quick lookups of items based on a unique key are required.

# Example: Using Dictionaries
```vba
Sub DictionaryExample()
Dim studentGrades As Object
Set studentGrades = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
studentGrades.Add "Alice", 90
studentGrades.Add "Bob", 85
studentGrades.Add "Charlie", 92
Dim student As Variant
For Each student In studentGrades.Keys
Debug.Print student & " scored " & studentGrades(student)
Next student
End Sub
```
This example showcases the use of a dictionary to store and retrieve student
grades based on their names.
Multidimensional Arrays
For complex data storage, multidimensional arrays are invaluable. They
allow you to store data in a grid-like structure, similar to tables or matrices.
# Example: Multidimensional Arrays
```vba
Sub MultidimensionalArrayExample()
Dim matrix(1 To 3, 1 To 3) As Integer
Dim i As Integer, j As Integer

For i = 1 To 3
For j = 1 To 3
matrix(i, j) = i * j
Next j
Next i
For i = 1 To 3
For j = 1 To 3
Debug.Print "matrix(" & i & "," & j & ") = " & matrix(i, j)
Next j
Next i
End Sub
```
In this example, a 3x3 matrix is populated and printed, demonstrating how
to work with two-dimensional arrays.
Advanced data types and data structures are the backbone of effective VBA
programming. By leveraging Variants, User-Defined Types, arrays,
collections, and dictionaries, you can manage data more efficiently and
build more robust applications. The examples provided illustrate practical
uses of these constructs, laying a solid foundation for tackling complex
programming challenges in your VBA projects.
Identifying Performance Bottlenecks
Before optimizing, it's crucial to identify where your code spends the most
time. Profiling tools and techniques can help pinpoint these bottlenecks.
Using the VBA Profiler

A VBA profiler can measure the execution time of different parts of your
macro. While VBA lacks a built-in profiler, third-party tools like
Rubberduck can be invaluable. Rubberduck includes a profiler that
integrates seamlessly with the VBA editor.
# Example: Profiling a Macro with Rubberduck
1. Install Rubberduck: Download and install Rubberduck from its official
site.
2. Run Your Macro: Execute the macro you wish to profile from within
Rubberduck.
3. Analyze Results: Rubberduck provides detailed timing data for each part
of your macro, allowing you to identify slow sections.
Efficient Coding Practices
Adopting efficient coding practices is the first step towards macro
optimization. Here, we explore several best practices that can make a
significant difference.
Reducing Interaction with Excel
One of the most common performance issues arises from frequent
interactions with the Excel interface (e.g., reading from or writing to cells).
Each interaction is time-consuming, so minimizing these interactions is key.
# Example: Batch Processing
Instead of updating cells one at a time, read them into an array, process the
data, and then write the results back to the worksheet in one go.
```vba
Sub BatchProcessingExample()
Dim data As Variant

Dim i As Long
' Read data into array
data = Range("A1:A1000").Value
' Process data in the array
For i = 1 To UBound(data, 1)
data(i, 1) = data(i, 1) * 2
Next i
' Write data back to the worksheet
Range("A1:A1000").Value = data
End Sub
```
By reducing the number of read/write operations, this approach can
significantly speed up your macro.
Using With Statements
The `With` statement can reduce redundant object references, making your
code cleaner and faster.
# Example: Using With Statements
```vba
Sub WithStatementExample()
With Worksheets("Sheet1")
.Range("A1").Value = "Hello"
.Range("A2").Value = "World"

.Range("A3").Value = "!"
End With
End Sub
```
This code block is more efficient than referencing `Worksheets("Sheet1")`
multiple times.
Disabling Screen Updating and Automatic Calculations
Excel automatically updates the screen and recalculates formulas, which
can slow down macro execution. Disabling these features temporarily can
lead to significant performance improvements.
# Example: Disabling Screen Updating and Calculations
```vba
Sub OptimizePerformanceExample()
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationManual
' Your macro code here
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationAutomatic
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
End Sub
```
This approach prevents unnecessary screen refreshes and calculations,
speeding up the macro.
Advanced Techniques

For those seeking to push optimization further, advanced techniques offer
additional performance gains.
Leveraging Early Binding
Early binding creates a direct reference to an object library, enhancing
performance and providing better IntelliSense support. This is in contrast to
late binding, where the object reference is resolved at runtime.
# Example: Early Binding vs. Late Binding
Early Binding:
```vba
Sub EarlyBindingExample()
Dim objExcel As Excel.Application
Set objExcel = New Excel.Application
objExcel.Visible = True
End Sub
```
Late Binding:
```vba
Sub LateBindingExample()
Dim objExcel As Object
Set objExcel = CreateObject("Excel.Application")
objExcel.Visible = True
End Sub
```

Early binding provides a performance advantage and helps catch errors
during compilation.
Optimizing Loops
Looping through large datasets can be time-consuming. Optimizing your
loops can lead to significant performance improvements.
# Example: Optimizing Loops
Inefficient Loop:
```vba
Sub InefficientLoop()
Dim ws As Worksheet
Dim i As Long
Set ws = Worksheets("Sheet1")
For i = 1 To 1000
ws.Cells(i, 1).Value = ws.Cells(i, 1).Value * 2
Next i
End Sub
```
Optimized Loop:
```vba
Sub OptimizedLoop()
Dim ws As Worksheet
Dim i As Long

Dim data As Variant
data = ws.Range("A1:A1000").Value
For i = 1 To 1000
data(i, 1) = data(i, 1) * 2
Next i
ws.Range("A1:A1000").Value = data
End Sub
```
By processing data in an array, the optimized loop reduces the number of
interactions with the worksheet.
Memory Management
Proper memory management ensures your macros do not consume
excessive resources, leading to crashes or slow performance.
Clearing Variables
Explicitly clear variables to free up memory.
# Example: Clearing Variables
```vba
Sub ClearVariablesExample()
Dim ws As Worksheet

' Your code here
Set ws = Nothing
End Sub
```
Using Static Variables
Static variables retain their value between macro executions, reducing the
need to repeatedly initialize data.
# Example: Using Static Variables
```vba
Sub StaticVariableExample()
Static counter As Long
counter = counter + 1
MsgBox "This macro has been run " & counter & " times."
End Sub
```
Profiling and Benchmarking
Regularly profile and benchmark your code to ensure it performs optimally.
Comparing different approaches can provide insights into the most efficient
methods.
Benchmarking Code Segments
Use the `Timer` function to measure the execution time of code segments.
# Example: Benchmarking Code

```vba
Sub BenchmarkExample()
Dim startTime As Double
Dim endTime As Double
startTime = Timer
' Code to benchmark
For i = 1 To 1000000
' Do something
Next i
endTime = Timer
MsgBox "Execution time: " & (endTime - startTime) & " seconds."
End Sub
```
This simple benchmarking technique helps you identify slow segments and
evaluate optimization efforts.
Best Practices and Final Thoughts
Macro optimization and performance tuning are ongoing processes.
Regularly reviewing and refining your code will ensure it remains efficient
and responsive. By adopting these strategies, you can create robust, high-
performance macros that handle even the most demanding tasks with ease.
Remember, each application is unique, so the effectiveness of these
techniques may vary. Continuously profile and test your macros to find the
best optimization strategies for your specific needs. This proactive approach
will help you stay ahead in the ever-evolving world of data automation.

Custom User Forms and Controls
Designing User Forms
A user form is essentially a custom dialog box that you can design to collect
or display information. Creating an effective user form involves both
aesthetic and functional considerations.
# Step-by-Step Guide: Creating a Simple User Form
1. Open the VBA Editor: Press `Alt + F11` to open the VBA editor.
2. Insert a User Form: Right-click on any VBA project in the Project
Explorer and select `Insert > UserForm`.
3. Design the Form: Use the toolbox to add controls like text boxes, labels,
command buttons, and combo boxes. Arrange these controls to create a
logical and user-friendly layout.
Here's an example of a basic user form to collect employee information:
```vba
Sub ShowEmployeeForm()
Dim empForm As Object
Set empForm = VBA.UserForms.Add("EmployeeForm")
empForm.Show
End Sub
```
# Example: Employee Form
1. Add Labels and Text Boxes: Add labels for "Name", "Age", and
"Position". Below each label, place a corresponding text box.

2. Add a Command Button: Place a command button labeled "Submit".
This form provides a straightforward way to gather employee details.
Customizing User Controls
Customization of user controls can greatly enhance the usability and
functionality of your forms. Controls like combo boxes, list boxes, and
command buttons can be tailored to meet specific needs.
# Example: Populating a Combo Box
Populating a combo box with dynamic data can provide users with
predefined options, reducing errors and improving efficiency.
```vba
Private Sub UserForm_Initialize()
Dim ws As Worksheet
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("Employees")
Dim lastRow As Long
lastRow = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
Dim i As Long
For i = 1 To lastRow
Me.ComboBox1.AddItem ws.Cells(i, 1).Value
Next i
End Sub
```
In this example, the combo box is populated with employee names from a
worksheet when the form initializes.

Handling User Input
Handling user input involves validating the data entered in the form and
taking appropriate actions based on that input.
# Example: Validating User Input
```vba
Private Sub SubmitButton_Click()
If Me.NameTextBox.Value = "" Then
MsgBox "Please enter a name.", vbExclamation
Me.NameTextBox.SetFocus
Exit Sub
End If
If Not IsNumeric(Me.AgeTextBox.Value) Then
MsgBox "Age must be a number.", vbExclamation
Me.AgeTextBox.SetFocus
Exit Sub
End If
' Process the input data
Dim ws As Worksheet
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("Employees")
ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0).Value =
Me.NameTextBox.Value
Me.AgeTextBox.Value
Me.PositionTextBox.Value

MsgBox "Employee information submitted successfully.", vbInformation
Me.Hide
End Sub
```
This code validates the user input to ensure the name is not empty and the
age is numeric before processing and storing the data.
Advanced Controls and Events
Moving beyond basic controls, you can use advanced controls and events to
create more interactive and responsive forms.
# Using MultiPage Controls
MultiPage controls allow you to organize a large amount of data across
multiple tabbed pages within a single form.
```vba
With Me.MultiPage1
.Pages(0).Caption = "Personal Information"
.Pages(1).Caption = "Work Information"
End With
End Sub
```
# Handling Form Events
Events like `Initialize`, `Activate`, and `Deactivate` can be handled to
perform specific actions when the form is loaded, displayed, or closed.

```vba
MsgBox "Welcome to the Employee Form!"
End Sub
Private Sub UserForm_QueryClose(Cancel As Integer, CloseMode As
Integer)
If CloseMode = vbFormControlMenu Then
If MsgBox("Are you sure you want to close the form?", vbYesNo) = vbNo
Then
Cancel = True
End If
End If
End Sub
```
Integrating User Forms with Worksheets
User forms often need to interact with worksheet data, either to display
existing data or to update the worksheet based on user input.
# Example: Displaying Worksheet Data in a User Form
```vba
Dim ws As Worksheet
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("EmployeeDetails")
Me.NameTextBox.Value = ws.Cells(1, 1).Value
Me.AgeTextBox.Value = ws.Cells(1, 2).Value

Me.PositionTextBox.Value = ws.Cells(1, 3).Value
End Sub
```
In this example, when the form initializes, it populates text boxes with data
from the worksheet.
Customizing Form Appearance
Customizing the appearance of your forms can greatly enhance user
experience. This includes setting properties like background color, font
styles, and control alignments.
```vba
Private Sub CustomizeFormAppearance()
With Me
.BackColor = RGB(240, 240, 240)
.Font.Name = "Calibri"
.Font.Size = 12
End With
With Me.SubmitButton
.BackColor = RGB(0, 120, 215)
.ForeColor = RGB(255, 255, 255)
.Font.Bold = True
End With
End Sub
```
Best Practices for User Forms

To create effective and maintainable user forms, follow these best practices:
- Keep it Simple: Avoid cluttering the form with too many controls. Focus
on the essential inputs and outputs.
- Use Clear Labels: Ensure all controls have clear, descriptive labels.
- Validate Input: Always validate user input to prevent errors and ensure
data integrity.
- Consistent Design: Maintain a consistent design across forms for a
uniform user experience.
- Error Handling: Implement robust error handling to manage unexpected
situations gracefully.
Advanced Example: Dynamic User Forms
Creating dynamic user forms that adapt based on user input can
significantly enhance functionality. For instance, showing or hiding certain
controls based on previous selections.
```vba
Private Sub PositionComboBox_Change()
If Me.PositionComboBox.Value = "Manager" Then
Me.ManagerOptionsFrame.Visible = True
Else
Me.ManagerOptionsFrame.Visible = False
End If
End Sub
```
In this example, additional options are displayed only when the user selects
"Manager" from a combo box.

Final Thoughts
API Calls and Interoperability
## Understanding APIs
Types of API Requests
1. GET Request: Retrieves data from an API endpoint.
2. POST Request: Sends data to an API endpoint to create or update a
resource.
3. PUT Request: Updates an existing resource at an API endpoint.
4. DELETE Request: Removes a resource from an API endpoint.
Example: Making a GET Request
Let's start with a simple example of making a GET request to retrieve data
from a public API. We'll use the VBA `XMLHTTP` object to send the
request and process the response.
```vba
Sub GetWeatherData()
Dim http As Object
Set http = CreateObject("MSXML2.XMLHTTP")
Dim url As String

url = "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?
q=Vancouver&appid=YOUR_API_KEY"
http.Open "GET", url, False
http.send
If http.Status = 200 Then
Dim response As String
response = http.responseText
MsgBox response
Else
MsgBox "Error: " & http.Status & " - " & http.StatusText
End If
End Sub
```
In this example, we make a GET request to the OpenWeatherMap API to
retrieve weather data for Vancouver. Replace `YOUR_API_KEY` with your
actual API key.
## Parsing JSON Responses
Once you've retrieved data from an API, it often comes in JSON format.
Parsing JSON in VBA can be challenging, but using libraries like `VBA-
JSON` simplifies the process.
Example: Parsing JSON Data
First, download and import the `VBA-JSON` library into your VBA
project. Then, use the following code to parse the weather data response:
```vba

Sub ParseWeatherData()
Dim http As Object
Dim url As String
url = "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?
q=Vancouver&appid=YOUR_API_KEY"
http.send
Dim json As Object
Set json = JsonConverter.ParseJson(http.responseText)
Dim weather As String
weather = json("weather")(1)("description")
MsgBox "Current weather in Vancouver: " & weather
Else
End If
End Sub
```
This code sends a GET request to the weather API, parses the JSON
response, and extracts the weather description.
## Making POST Requests

POST requests are used to send data to an API endpoint. This is particularly
useful for tasks like submitting forms or updating records.
Example: Submitting Data with a POST Request
In this example, we'll send data to a hypothetical API that logs user
feedback.
```vba
Sub SubmitFeedback()
Dim http As Object
Dim url As String
url = "https://api.example.com/submit_feedback"
Dim postData As String
postData = "{""name"":""John Doe"",""feedback"":""Great service!""}"
http.Open "POST", url, False
http.setRequestHeader "Content-Type", "application/json"
http.send postData
MsgBox "Feedback submitted successfully!"
Else
End If
End Sub
```

In this code, we create a JSON string containing the feedback data and send
it to the API using a POST request.
## Handling Authentication
Many APIs require authentication to access their endpoints. Common
methods include API keys, OAuth tokens, and basic authentication.
Example: Using API Keys
API keys are often passed as query parameters or headers in the request.
Here's an example of including an API key in a request header:
```vba
Sub GetSecureData()
Dim http As Object
Dim url As String
url = "https://api.securedata.com/data"
Dim apiKey As String
apiKey = "YOUR_API_KEY"
http.setRequestHeader "Authorization", "Bearer " & apiKey
http.send
MsgBox "Data retrieved: " & http.responseText
Else

End If
End Sub
```
In this example, the API key is included in the `Authorization` header.
## Interoperability with Other Systems
APIs enable interoperability between VBA and other systems, such as
databases, cloud services, and third-party applications. By integrating APIs,
you can automate complex workflows and enhance data exchange across
platforms.
Example: Integrating with a SQL Database
Using APIs, you can interact with SQL databases from VBA. For instance,
you can retrieve data from a SQL server and display it in an Excel
worksheet.
```vba
Sub FetchSQLData()
Dim http As Object
Dim url As String
url = "https://api.yoursqlserver.com/query?sql=SELECT * FROM
Employees"
http.send

Dim json As Object
Dim ws As Worksheet
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("Data")
Dim i As Long
For i = 1 To UBound(json("data"))
ws.Cells(i, 1).Value = json("data")(i)("id")
ws.Cells(i, 2).Value = json("data")(i)("name")
ws.Cells(i, 3).Value = json("data")(i)("position")
Next i
Else
End If
End Sub
```
In this example, an API call is made to execute an SQL query, and the
results are parsed and displayed in an Excel worksheet.
## Error Handling in API Calls
Robust error handling is crucial when working with APIs to manage
unexpected responses and ensure the reliability of your applications.
Example: Implementing Error Handling
Here's how to enhance the previous example with error handling:

```vba
Sub FetchSQLDataWithErrorHandling()
Dim http As Object
Dim url As String
url = "https://api.yoursqlserver.com/query?sql=SELECT * FROM
Employees"
http.send
Dim json As Object
Dim ws As Worksheet
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("Data")
Dim i As Long
For i = 1 To UBound(json("data"))
ws.Cells(i, 1).Value = json("data")(i)("id")
ws.Cells(i, 2).Value = json("data")(i)("name")
ws.Cells(i, 3).Value = json("data")(i)("position")
Next i
Else
End If

Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "An error occurred: " & Err.Description, vbExclamation
End Sub
```
Adding `On Error GoTo ErrorHandler`, we ensure that any runtime errors
are caught and handled gracefully.
Understanding Excel Add-Ins
Excel add-ins are custom-built applications that extend the capabilities of
Excel by adding new commands or features. These can be distributed as
`.xlam` (Excel Add-In) files, which users can install to access the add-in's
functionalities.
Case Study: Automating Data Validation
To illustrate the power of add-ins, let's consider a scenario where you want
to automate data validation across multiple Excel workbooks. By creating a
custom add-in, you can ensure consistency and efficiency in your data
validation processes.
Steps to Create an Add-In
1. Develop Your VBA Code: Write the VBA code that provides the desired
functionality.
2. Convert to an Add-In: Save your VBA project as an add-in file.
3. Distribute and Install: Share the add-in file and provide installation
instructions.
Step 1: Develop Your VBA Code

Begin by writing the VBA code that will perform the desired functions. For
our data validation example, let's create a VBA script that validates email
addresses in a given range.
```vba
Sub ValidateEmails()
Dim cell As Range
Dim emailPattern As String
emailPattern = "^[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+.[A-Z]{2,}$"
For Each cell In Selection
If Not cell.Value Like emailPattern Then
cell.Interior.Color = RGB(255, 0, 0)
End If
Next cell
End Sub
```
This script checks each cell in the selected range against a regular
expression pattern for valid email addresses. Invalid entries are highlighted
in red.
Step 2: Convert to an Add-In
Once your VBA code is ready, save your workbook as an add-in file:
1. Press `Alt + F11` to open the VBA editor.
2. Insert a new module and paste your VBA code.
3. Save the workbook as an Excel Add-In file (`.xlam`).
Step 3: Distribute and Install

To share your add-in:
1. Send the `.xlam` file to your users.
2. Provide instructions to install the add-in:
- Open Excel and go to `File > Options > Add-Ins`.
- In the `Manage` box, select Èxcel Add-ins` and click `Go`.
- Click `Browse` and locate the `.xlam` file.
- Select the add-in file and click ÒK`.
The add-in is now available in Excel, and users can access the new
functionality through the Àdd-Ins` tab.
Creating Custom Ribbon Tabs and Buttons
To enhance the user experience, you can create custom ribbon tabs and
buttons that trigger your add-in's functions. This can be done using the
`CustomUI` XML markup language.
Example: Adding a Custom Ribbon Tab
1. Create the CustomUI XML: Add a new XML file to your workbook and
define the custom ribbon elements.
```xml
<customUI
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2006/01/customui">
<ribbon>
<tabs>
<tab id="customTab" label="My Add-In">
<group id="customGroup" label="Data Validation">

<button id="validateEmailsButton" label="Validate Emails"
onAction="ValidateEmails" />
</group>
</tab>
</tabs>
</ribbon>
</customUI>
```
2. Embed the XML in Your Add-In: Use a tool like `Office RibbonX
Editor` to embed the `CustomUI` XML into your add-in file.
3. Link the Button to Your VBA Code: Ensure the `onAction` attribute
matches the name of your VBA macro.
When users install your add-in, they'll see a new tab in the ribbon with a
button that triggers the `ValidateEmails` function.
Creating COM Add-Ins
COM (Component Object Model) add-ins provide more advanced
functionalities and can be developed using languages like VB.NET or C#.
These add-ins can interact with various applications and services beyond
Excel, offering greater flexibility and power.
Steps to Create a COM Add-In
1. Set Up Your Development Environment: Install Visual Studio and set up
a new Office Add-In project.
2. Develop Your Add-In: Write the code to implement the desired
functionalities.
3. Build and Deploy: Compile your add-in and distribute it to users.

Example: Creating a Simple COM Add-In
1. Create a New Project: In Visual Studio, create a new `Office Add-In`
project and choose `Excel Add-In`.
2. Develop the Add-In: Write your code in the `ThisAddIn` class. For
instance, to create a button that triggers a function, use the following code:
```vb
Private Sub ThisAddIn_Startup() Handles Me.Startup
Dim ribbon As Microsoft.Office.Tools.Ribbon.RibbonTab
ribbon = Me.RibbonTabs.Add("My COM Add-In")
Dim group As Microsoft.Office.Tools.Ribbon.RibbonGroup
group = ribbon.Groups.Add("Data Validation")
Dim button As Microsoft.Office.Tools.Ribbon.RibbonButton
button =
group.Items.Add(Microsoft.Office.Tools.Ribbon.RibbonControlType.Ribbo
nButton)
button.Label = "Validate Emails"
AddHandler button.Click, AddressOf ValidateEmails
End Sub
Private Sub ValidateEmails(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
Microsoft.Office.Tools.Ribbon.RibbonControlEventArgs)
' Add your validation logic here
End Sub
```
3. Build and Deploy: Compile the project to create the add-in file.
Distribute the add-in file to users, and provide installation instructions.

Managing and Updating Add-Ins
Keeping your add-ins up-to-date is crucial for maintaining functionality and
security. Implement version control and regular updates to ensure users
always have the latest features and bug fixes.
Best Practices for Managing Add-Ins
1. Version Control: Use version numbers to track changes and updates.
2. Documentation: Provide clear documentation for installation, usage, and
troubleshooting.
3. Feedback Loop: Establish a feedback mechanism to gather user input and
improve your add-ins.
Example: Implementing Version Control
Include a version number in your add-in and check for updates
automatically. Here's a simple way to notify users of a new version:
```vba
Sub CheckForUpdates()
Dim currentVersion As String
Dim latestVersion As String
currentVersion = "1.0.0" ' Current version of the add-in
latestVersion = GetLatestVersionFromServer() ' Function to retrieve the
latest version from your server
If currentVersion < latestVersion Then
MsgBox "A new version of the add-in is available. Please update to version
" & latestVersion
End If

End Sub
Function GetLatestVersionFromServer() As String
' Add your code to retrieve the latest version from your server
GetLatestVersionFromServer = "1.0.1"
End Function
```
This macro checks the current version against the latest version available on
your server and prompts the user to update if a new version is available.
Advanced Use of Collections and Dictionaries
Understanding Collections
Collections in VBA are objects that can store a variety of data types under a
single name. They are particularly useful for managing groups of related
objects. Unlike arrays, Collections are dynamic, meaning they can grow and
shrink as needed. Additionally, Collections have built-in methods that
simplify operations like adding, removing, and iterating over items.
Creating and Using Collections
To create a Collection, you use the `Collection` object. Here’s an example
to get you started:
```vba

Dim myCollection As Collection
Set myCollection = New Collection
```
Once the Collection is created, you can add items to it using the `Add`
method:
```vba
myCollection.Add "First Item"
myCollection.Add "Second Item"
myCollection.Add "Third Item"
```
You can access items in the Collection by their index:
```vba
Dim item As Variant
item = myCollection(1) ' Returns "First Item"
```
Iterating Through a Collection
One of the strengths of Collections is the ease with which you can iterate
through them. Here’s an example using a `For Each` loop:
```vba
Dim item As Variant
For Each item In myCollection
Debug.Print item
Next item

```
Advanced Collection Operations
Collections also support more advanced operations. For instance, you can
specify a key when adding items, allowing for quick access and
manipulation.
```vba
myCollection.Add "First Item", "Item1"
myCollection.Add "Second Item", "Item2"
myCollection.Add "Third Item", "Item3"
```
To retrieve an item by its key:
```vba
Dim item As Variant
item = myCollection("Item1") ' Returns "First Item"
```
Understanding Dictionaries
The `Dictionary` object, part of the Microsoft Scripting Runtime library,
offers even more flexibility than Collections. Dictionaries allow you to
store data in key-value pairs, making them ideal for scenarios where you
need to quickly look up values based on unique keys.
Creating and Using Dictionaries
To use Dictionaries in VBA, you need to enable the Microsoft Scripting
Runtime library. Here’s how you create a Dictionary:

```vba
Dim myDictionary As Scripting.Dictionary
Set myDictionary = New Scripting.Dictionary
```
Adding items to a Dictionary involves specifying both the key and value:
```vba
myDictionary.Add "Key1", "First Item"
myDictionary.Add "Key2", "Second Item"
myDictionary.Add "Key3", "Third Item"
```
Accessing items by their keys is straightforward:
```vba
Dim value As Variant
value = myDictionary("Key1") ' Returns "First Item"
```
Checking for Existing Keys
Before adding a new item, it’s often necessary to check if the key already
exists to avoid errors:
```vba
If Not myDictionary.Exists("Key1") Then
myDictionary.Add "Key1", "New Item"
End If
```

Iterating Through a Dictionary
Iterating through a Dictionary can be done using a `For Each` loop, similar
to Collections:
```vba
Dim key As Variant
For Each key In myDictionary.Keys
Debug.Print "Key: " & key & " Value: " & myDictionary(key)
Next key
```
Combining Collections and Dictionaries
In sophisticated VBA applications, you might find yourself using both
Collections and Dictionaries. For example, you could use a Collection to
store multiple Dictionaries, each representing a different set of key-value
pairs.
Example: Managing Employee Records
Imagine you are managing employee records where each employee has
multiple attributes (e.g., Name, Position, Salary). A Collection of
Dictionaries can efficiently handle this structure:
```vba
Dim employees As Collection
Set employees = New Collection
Dim employee1 As Scripting.Dictionary
Set employee1 = New Scripting.Dictionary
employee1.Add "Name", "John Doe"

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in apostasy) in the way of his heart (or, of his own inclination). 18. His
ways I have seen, and I will heal him, and will guide him, and restore
comforts unto him and to his mourners. 19. Creating the fruit of the
lips, Peace, peace to the far off and to the near, saith Jehovah, and I will
heal him.
20. And the wicked (are) like the troubled sea, for rest it cannot, and its
waters cast up mire and dirt. 21. There is no peace, saith my God, to the
wicked.
LVIII.—[The rejection of Israel as a nation is the just reward of their
unfaithfulness, ver. 1. Their religious services are hypocritical, ver. 2.
Their mortifications and austerities are nullified by accompanying
wickedness, vers. 3-5. They should have been connected with the
opposite virtues, vers. 6, 7. In that case they would have continued to
enjoy the divine favour, vers. 8, 9. They are still invited to make trial of
this course, with an ample promise of prosperity and blessing to
encourage them, vers. 10–14.]
1. Cry with the throat, spare not, like the trumpet raise thy voice, and
tell to My people their transgression, and to the house of Jacob their
sins.
2. And Me day (by) day they will seek, and the knowledge of My ways
they will delight in (or, desire), like a nation which has done right, and
the judgment of its God has not forsaken; they will ask of Me righteous
judgments, the approach to God (or, of God) they will delight in (or,
desire).
3. Why have we fasted, and Thou hast not seen (it)? afflicted our soul
(or, themselves) and Thou wilt not know (it)? Behold in the day of your
fast ye will find pleasure, and all your labours ye will exact. 4. Behold,
for strife and contention ye will fast, and to smite with the flat of
wickedness; ye shall not (or, ye will not) fast to-day (so as) to make
your voice heard on high. 5. Shall it be like this, the fast that I will
choose, the day of man’s humbling himself? Is it to hang his head like a

bulrush, and make sackcloth and ashes his bed? Wilt thou call this a
fast, and a day of acceptance (an acceptable day) to Jehovah?
6. Is not this the fast that I will choose, to loosen bands of wickedness,
to undo the fastenings of the yoke, and to send away the crushed (or
broken) free, and every yoke ye shall break? 7. Is it not to break unto
the hungry thy bread? and the afflicted, the homeless, thou shalt bring
home; for thou shalt see one naked and shalt clothe him, and from
thine own flesh thou shalt not hide thyself.
8. Then shall break forth as the dawn thy light, and thy healing
speedily shall spring up; then shall go before thee thy righteousness,
and the glory of Jehovah shall be thy rereward (or, bring up thy rear).
9. Then shalt thou call, and Jehovah will answer; thou shalt cry, and He
will say, Behold Me (here I am), if thou wilt put away from the midst of
thee the yoke, the pointing of the finger, and the speaking of vanity.
10. And (if) thou wilt let out thy soul to the hungry, and the afflicted
soul will satisfy, then shall thy sight arise in the darkness, and thy
gloom as the (double light or) noon. 11. And Jehovah will guide thee
over, and satisfy thy soul in drought, and thy bones shall He invigorate,
and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water
whose waters shall not fail. 12. And they shall build from thee the ruins
of antiquity (or, perpetuity), foundations of age and age (i.e., of ages)
shalt thou raise up: and it shall be called to thee (or, thou shalt be
called) Repairer of the breach, Restorer of paths for dwelling.
13. If thou wilt turn away thy foot from the Sabbath to do thy pleasure
on My holy day, and wilt call the Sabbath a delight (and) the holy (day)
of Jehovah honourable, and wilt honour it by not doing thy own ways,
by not finding thy pleasure and talking talk; 14. then shalt thou be
happy in Jehovah, and I will make thee rule upon the heights of the
earth, and I will make thee eat the heritage of Jacob thy father, for
Jehovah’s mouth hath spoken it.
LIX.—[The fault of Israel’s rejection is not in the Lord, but in
themselves, vers. 1, 2. They are charged with sins of violence and

injustice, vers. 3, 4. The ruinous effects of these corruptions are
described, vers. 5, 6. Their violence and injustice are fatal to themselves
and to others, vers. 7, 8. The moral condition of the people is described
as one of darkness and hopeless degradation, vers. 9–15. In this
extremity, Jehovah interposes to deliver the true Israel, vers. 16, 17. This
can only be effected by the destruction of the carnal Israel, vers. 18. The
Divine presence shall no longer be subjected to local restrictions, vers.
19. A Redeemer shall appear in Zion to save the true Israel, vers. 20. The
old dispensation shall give place to the dispensation of the Word and
Spirit, which shall last for ever, ver. 21.]
1. Behold, not shortened is Jehovah’s hand from saving, and not
benumbed is His ear from hearing. 2. But your iniquities have been
separating between you and your God, and your sins have hid (His)
face from you, so as not to hear.
3. For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with iniquity;
your lips have spoken falsehood, your tongue will utter wickedness.
4. There is none calling with justice, and there is none contending with
truth; they trust in vanity and speak falsehood, conceive mischief and
bring forth iniquity. 5. Eggs of the basilisk they have hatched, and webs
of the spider they will spin (or, weave); the one eating their eggs shall
die, and the crushed (egg) shall hatch out a viper. 6. The webs shall not
become (or, be for) clothing, and they shall not cover themselves with
their works: their works are works of mischief (or, iniquity), and the
doing of violence is in their hands. 7. Their feet to evil will run, and
they will hasten to shed innocent blood; their thoughts are thoughts of
mischief (or, iniquity); wasting and ruin are in their paths. 8. The way
of peace they have not known, and there is no justice in their paths;
their courses they have rendered crooked for them; every one walking
in them knows not peace.
9. Therefore is judgment far from us, and righteousness will not
overtake us; we wait for light, and behold darkness; for splendours,
(and) in obscurities we walk. 10. We grope like the blind for the wall,
like the eyeless we grope; we stumble at noon-day as in twilight, in
thick darkness like the dead. 11. We growl like the bears, all of us, and

like the doves we moan; we wait for justice and there is none, for
salvation (and) it is far from us. 12. For our transgressions are
multiplied before Thee, and our sins testify against us; for our
transgressions are with us, and our iniquities—we know them; 13. to
transgress and lie against Jehovah, and to turn back from behind our
God, to speak oppression and departure, to conceive and utter from the
heart words of falsehood. 14. And judgment is thrust (or, driven) back,
and righteousness afar off stands; for truth is fallen in the street, and
uprightness cannot enter. 15. Then truth was missed (i.e., found
wanting), and whoso departed from evil made himself a prey (or, was
plundered).
Then Jehovah saw it, and it was evil in His eyes that there was no
judgment (or, practical justice). 16. And He saw that there was no man,
and He stood aghast that there was no one interposing; and His own
arm saved for Him, and His own righteousness, it upheld Him. 17. And
He clothed Himself with righteousness as a coat of mail, and a helmet
of salvation on His head, and He clothed Himself with garments of
vengeance (for) clothing. 18. According to (their) deeds, according will
He repay, wrath to His enemies, (their) desert to His foes, to the isles
(their) desert will He repay. 19. And they shall fear from the west the
name of Jehovah, and from the rising of the sun His glory; for it shall
come like a straitened stream, the spirit of Jehovah raising a banner in
it.
20. Then shall come for Zion a Redeemer, and for the converts from
apostasy in Jacob, saith Jehovah. 21. And I (or, as for me)—this (is) My
covenant with them, saith Jehovah. My Spirit which is on thee, and My
words which I have placed in thy mouth, shall not depart out of thy
mouth, nor out of the mouth of thy seed’s seed, saith Jehovah, from
henceforth and for ever (or, from now and to eternity).
LX.—[The prophet describes the approaching change as a new and
Divine light rising upon Zion, ver. 1. He contrasts it with the darkness
of surrounding nations, ver. 2. Yet these are not excluded from
participation in the light, ver. 3. The elect in every nation are the
children of the Church, and shall be gathered to her, vers. 4, 5. On one

side he sees the Oriental caravans and flocks approaching, vers. 6, 7.
On the other, the commercial fleets of western nations, vers. 8, 9.
What seemed rejection is in fact the highest favour, ver. 10. The glory of
the true Church is her freedom from local and national restrictions,
ver. 11. None are excluded from her pale but those who exclude
themselves and thereby perish, ver. 12. External nature shall contribute
to her splendour, ver. 13. Her very enemies shall do her homage, ver. 14.
Instead of being cast off, she is glorified for ever, ver. 15. Instead of
being identified with one nation, she shall derive support from all, ver.
16. All that is changed in her condition shall be changed for the better,
ver. 17. The evils of her former state are done away, ver. 18. Even some of
its advantages are now superfluous, ver. 19. What remains shall be no
longer precarious, ver. 20. The splendour of this new dispensation is a
moral and spiritual splendour, but attended by external safety and
protection, ver. 21, 22. All this shall certainly and promptly come to
pass at the appointed time, ver. 22.]
1. Arise, be light; for thy light is come, and the glory of Jehovah has
risen upon thee. 2. For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and a
gloom the nations, and upon thee shall Jehovah rise, and His glory
upon thee shall be seen. 3. And nations shall walk in thy light, and
kings in the brightness of thy rising.
4. Lift up thine eyes round about (i.e., in all directions) and see; all of
them are gathered, they come to thee, thy sons from afar shall come,
and thy daughters at the side shall be borne. 5. Then shalt thou see (or,
fear), and brighten up (or, overflow), and thy heart shall throb and
swell; because (or, when) the abundance of the sea shall be turned
upon thee, the strength of nations shall come unto thee.
6. A stream of camels shall cover thee, young camels (or, dromedaries)
of Midian and Ephah, all of them from Sheba shall come, gold and
incense shall they bear, and the praises of Jehovah as good news. 7. All
the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered for thee, the rams of Nebaioth
shall minister to thee, they shall ascend with good-will (or, acceptably)
My altar, and My house of beauty I will beautify.

8. Who are these that fly as a cloud and as doves to their windows?
9. Because for Me the isles are waiting (or, must wait) and the ships of
Tarshish in the first place, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and
their gold with them, for the name of Jehovah thy God, and for the
Holy One of Israel, because He has glorified thee.
10. And strangers shall build thy walls, and their kings shall serve thee;
for in My wrath I smote thee, and in My favour I have had mercy on
thee. 11. And thy gates shall be open continually, day and night they
shall not be shut, to bring into thee the strength of nations and their
kings led (captive, or, in triumph). 12. For the nation and the kingdom
which will not serve thee shall perish, and the nations shall be
desolated, desolated.
13. The glory of Lebanon to thee shall come, cypress, plane, and box
together, to adorn the place of My sanctuary, and the place of My feet I
will honour.
14. Then shall come to thee bending the sons of thy oppressors, then
shall bow down to the soles of thy feet all thy despisers, and shall call
thee the City of Jehovah, Zion the holy place of Israel (or, the Zion of
the Holy One of Israel).
15. Instead of thy being forsaken and hated, and with none passing
(through thee), and I will place thee for a boast of perpetuity, a joy of
age and age. 16. And they shalt suck the milk of nations, and the breast
of kings shalt thou suck, and thou shalt know that I, Jehovah, am thy
Saviour, and (that) thy Redeemer (is) the Mighty One of Jacob.
17. Instead of brass (or, copper) I will bring gold, and instead of iron I
will bring silver, and instead of wood brass, and instead of stones iron,
and I will place (or, make) thy government peace, and thy rulers
righteousness.
18. There shall be no more heard violence in thy land, desolation and
ruin in thy borders (or, within thy bounds); and thou shalt call
salvation thy walls, and thy gates praise. 19. No more shall be to thee
the sun for a light by day, and for brightness the moon shall not shine

to thee, and Jehovah shall become thy everlasting light, and thy God
thy glory. 20. The sun shall set no more, and thy moon shall not be
withdrawn; for Jehovah shall be unto thee an eternal light, and
completed the days of thy mourning. 21. And thy people, all of them
righteous, for ever shall inherit the earth, the branch (or, shoot) of My
planting, the work of My hands, to glorify Myself (or, to be glorified).
22. The little one shall become a thousand, and the small one a strong
nation; I, Jehovah, in its time will hasten it.
LXI.—[After describing the new condition of the Church, he again
introduces the great Personage by whom the change is to be brought
about. His mission and its object are described by Himself in vers. 1–3.
Its grand result shall be the restoration of a ruined world, ver. 4. The
Church, as a mediator between God and the revolted nations, shall
enjoy their solace and support, vers. 5, 6. The shame of God’s people
shall be changed to honour, ver. 7. The Church once restricted as a
single nation, shall be recognised and honoured among all, ver. 9. He
triumphs in the prospect of the universal spread of truth and
righteousness, vers. 10, 11.]
1. The Spirit of the Lord Jehovah (is) upon me, because Jehovah hath
anointed me to bring good news to the humble, He hath sent me to
bind up the broken in heart, to proclaim to captives freedom, and to
the bound open opening (of the eyes or of the prison doors); 2. to
proclaim a year of favour for Jehovah, and a day of vengeance for our
God; to comfort all mourners, 3. to put upon Zion’s mourners—to give
them a crown instead of ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, a garment
of praise for a faint spirit; and it shall be called to them (or, they shall
be called) the oaks of righteousness, the planting of Jehovah (i.e.,
planted by Jehovah) to glorify Himself.
4. And they shall bind up the ruins of antiquity, the desolations of the
ancients they shall raise, and shall renew the cities of ruin (i.e., ruined
cities), the desolations of age and age. 5. Then shall stand strangers and
feed your flocks, and the children of outland (shall be) your
ploughmen and your vine-dressers. 6. And ye (or more emphatically, as
for you), the priests of Jehovah shall ye be called, the ministers of our

God shall be said to you (or, of you), the strength of nations shall ye
eat, and in their glory shall ye substitute yourselves. 7. Instead of your
shame (ye shall have) double, and (instead of their) confusion they
shall celebrate their portion; therefore in their land shall they inherit
double, everlasting joy shall be to them. 8. For I am Jehovah, loving
justice, hating (that which is) taken away unjustly, and I will give their
hire truly, and an everlasting covenant I strike for them. 9. Then shall
be known among the nations their seed, and their issue in the midst of
the peoples. All seeing them shall acknowledge them that they are a
seed Jehovah has blessed.
10. (I will) joy, I will joy in Jehovah, let my soul exult in my God; for He
hath clothed me with garments of salvation, a mantle of righteousness
has He put on me, as a bridegroom adjusts his priestly crown, and as
the bride arrays her jewels. 11. For as the earth puts forth its growth,
and as the garden makes its plants to grow, so shall the Lord Jehovah
make to grow righteousness and praise before all the nations.
LXII.—[The words of the great Deliverer are continued from the
foregoing chapter. He will not rest until the glorious change in the
condition of His people is accomplished, ver. 1. They shall be
recognised by kings and nations as the people of Jehovah, vers. 2, 3.
She who seemed to be forsaken is still His spouse, vers. 4, 5. The
Church is required to watch and pray for the fulfilment of the promise,
vers. 6, 7. God has sworn to protect her and supply her wants, ver. 8, 9.
Instead of a single nation, all the nations of the earth shall flow unto
her, ver 10. The good news of salvation shall no longer be confined, but
universally diffused, ver 11. The glory of the Church is the redemption
of the world, ver. 12.]
1. For Zion’s sake I will not be still, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not
rest, until her righteousness go forth as brightness, and her salvation as
a lamp (that) burneth. 2. And nations shall see thy righteousness, and
all kings thy glory; and there shall be called in thee a new name, which
the mouth of Jehovah shall utter. 3. And thou shalt be a crown of
beauty in Jehovah’s hand, and a diadem of royalty in the palm of thy
God. 4. No more shall it be called to thee (shalt thou be called) Azubah

(Forsaken), and thy land shall no more be called Shemamah
(Desolate), but thou shalt be called Hephzibah (my delight is in her),
and thy land Beulah (married), for Jehovah delights in thee, and thy
land shall be married. 5. For (as) a young man marrieth a virgin, (so)
shall thy sons marry thee, and (with) the joy of a bridegroom over a
bride shall thy God rejoice over thee.
6. On thy walls, O Jerusalem, I have set watchmen; all the day and all
the night long they shall not be silent. Ye that remind Jehovah, let
there be no rest to you, 7. and give no rest to Him, until He establish
and, until He place Jerusalem a praise in the earth.
8. Sworn hath Jehovah by His right hand, and by His arm of strength, If
I give (i.e., I will not give) thy corn any more as food to thine enemies,
and if the sons of the outland shall drink thy new wine which thou hast
laboured in (I am not God). 9. For those gathering it shall eat it, and
shall praise Jehovah, and those collecting it shall drink it in My holy
courts (or, in the courts of My sanctuary). 10. Pass, pass through the
gates, clear the way of the people, raise high, raise high the highway,
free (it) from stones, raise a banner (or, a signal) over the nations.
11. Behold, Jehovah has caused it to be heard to the end of the earth,
Say ye to the daughter of Zion, Behold thy salvation cometh; behold,
His reward is with Him and His hire before Him. 12. And they shall call
them the Holy People, the redeemed of Jehovah, and thou shalt be
called Derushah (sought for), Ir-lo-neczabah (city not forsaken).
LXIII.—[The influx of the Gentiles into Zion having been described in
the preceding verses, the destruction of her enemies is now sublimely
represented as a sanguinary triumph of Jehovah or the Messiah, vers. 1–
6. The prophet then supposes the catastrophe already past, and takes a
retrospective view of God’s compassion towards His people, and of
their unfaithfulness during the old economy, vers. 7–14. He assumes
the tone of earnest supplication, such as might have been offered by
the believing Jews when all seemed lost in the destruction of the
commonwealth and temple, vers. 15–19.]

LXIV.—[This chapter is inseparable from the one before it. The
strongest confidence is expressed in the Divine power, founded upon
former experience, vers. 1–3. The two great facts of Israel’s rejection as a
nation, and the continued existence of the Church, are brought
together in ver. 4. The unworthiness of Israel is acknowledged still
more fully, ver. 5, 6. The sovereign authority of God is humbly
recognised, ver. 7. His favour is earnestly implored, ver. 8. The external
prerogatives of Israel are lost, ver. 9. But will God for that cause cast off
the true Israel, His own people? ver. 10.]
1. Who (is) this coming from Edom, bright (as to His) garments from
Bozrah, this one adorned in His apparel, bending in the abundance of
His strength?
I, speaking in righteousness, mighty to save.
2. Why (is there) redness to Thy raiment, and (why are) Thy garments
like (those of) one treading in a wine-press?
3. The press I have trodden by Myself, and of the nations there was not
a man with Me; and I will tread them in My anger, and trample them in
My fury, and in their juice shall spirt upon My garments, and all My
vesture I have stained. 4. For the day of vengeance (is) in My heart, and
the year of My redeemed is come. 5. And I look, and there is none
helping; and I stand aghast, and there is none sustaining; and My own
arm saves for Me, and My fury it sustains Me. 6. And I tread the
nations in My anger, and I make them drunk in My wrath, and I bring
down to the earth their juice.
7. The mercies of Jehovah I will cause to be remembered, the praises of
Jehovah, according to all that Jehovah hath done for us, which He hath
done for them, according to His compassions, and according to the
multitude of His mercies.
8. And He said, Only they are My people, (My) children shall not lie
(or, deceive), and He became a Saviour for them. 9. In all their enmity
He was not an enemy, and the angel of His face (or, presence) saved
them; in His love and in His sparing mercy He redeemed them, and He

took them up and carried them all the days of old. 10. And they
rebelled, and grieved His Holy Spirit (or, Spirit of holiness), and He
was turned from them into an enemy, He himself fought against them.
11. And he remembered the days of old, Moses (and) his people. Where
is He that brought them up from the sea, the shepherd of His flock?
Where is He that put within him His Holy Spirit? 12. Leading them by
the right hand of Moses (and) His glorious arm, cleaving the waters
from before them, to make for Him an everlasting name? 13. Making
them walk in the depths, like the horse in the desert they shall not
stumble. 14. As the herd into the valley will go down, the Spirit of
Jehovah will make him rest. So didst Thou lead Thy people, to make for
Thyself a name of glory.
15. Look (down) from heaven and see from Thy dwelling-place of
holiness and beauty! Where is Thy zeal and Thy might (or, mighty
deeds)? The sounding of Thy bowels and Thy mercies towards me have
withdrawn themselves. 16. For Thou (art) our Father; for Abraham hath
not known us, and Israel will not recognise us; Thou Jehovah art our
Father, our Redeemer of old (or, from everlasting) is Thy name.
17. Why wilt Thou make us wander, O Jehovah, from Thy ways? (why)
wilt Thou harden our heart from Thy fear? Return, for the sake of Thy
servants, the tribes of Thy inheritance. 18. For a little Thy holy people
possessed, our enemies trod down Thy sanctuary. 19. We are of old,
Thou has not ruled over them, Thy name has not been called upon
them. LXIV.—1. Oh that Thou wouldst rend the heavens (and) come
down, (that) from before Thee the mountains might quake (or flow
down), 2. as fire kindles brush, fire boils water—to make known Thy
name to Thine enemies, from before Thee nations shall tremble. 3. In
Thy doing fearful things (which) we expect not, (oh that) Thou
wouldst come down, (that) the mountains before Thee might flow
down. 4. And from eternity they have not heard, they have not
perceived by the ear, the eye hath not seen, a God beside Thee (who)
will do for (one) waiting for Him.
5. Thou hast met with one rejoicing and executing righteousness; in
Thy ways shall they remember Thee; behold, Thou hast been wroth,

and we have sinned; in them is perpetuity, and we shall be saved.
6. And we were like the unclean all of us, and like a filthy garment all
our righteousness (virtues or good works), and we faded like the
(fading) leaf all of us, and our iniquities like the wind will take us up
(or, carry us away). 7. And there is no one calling on Thy name, rousing
himself to lay hold on Thee; for Thou hast hid Thy face from us, and
hast melted us because of (or, by means of) our iniquities.
8. And now Jehovah, our Father (art) Thou, we the clay and Thou our
potter, and the work of Thy hands (are) we all. 9. Be not angry, O
Jehovah, to extremity, and do not to eternity remember guilt; lo, look,
we pray thee, Thy people (are) we all. 10. The holy cities are a desert,
Zion is a desert, Jerusalem a waste. 11. Our house of holiness and
beauty (in) which our fathers praised Thee has been burned up with
fire, and all our delights (or, desirable places) have become a
desolation. 12. Wilt Thou for these (things) restrain Thyself, O Jehovah,
wilt Thou keep silence and afflict us to extremity?

LXV.—[The grand enigma of Israel’s simultaneous loss and gain is
solved by a prediction of the calling of the Gentiles, ver. 1. This is
connected with the obstinate unfaithfulness of the chosen people, ver.
2. They are represented under the two main aspects of their character
at different periods, as gross idolaters and as pharisaical bigots, vers. 3–
5. Their casting off was not occasioned by the sins of one generation,
but of many, vers. 6, 7. But even in this rejected race there was a chosen
remnant, in whom the promises shall be fulfilled, vers. 8–10. He then
reverts to the idolatrous Jews, and threatens them with condign
punishment, vers. 11, 12. The fate of the unbelieving carnal Israel is
compared with that of the true spiritual Israel, vers. 13–16. The gospel
economy is described as a new creation, ver. 17. Its blessings are
represented under glowing figures borrowed from the old
dispensation, vers. 18–19. Premature death shall be no longer known,
ver. 20. Possession and enjoyment shall no longer be precarious, vers.
21–23. Their very desires shall be anticipated, ver. 24. All animosities
and noxious influences shall cease for ever, ver. 25.]
1. I have been inquired of by those that asked not, I have been found by
those that sought Me not; I have said, Behold Me, behold Me, to a
nation (that) was not called by My name. 2. I have spread (or,
stretched) out My hands all the day (or, every day) to a rebellious
people, those going the way not good, after their own thoughts (or,
designs)—3. the people angering Me to My face continually, sacrificing
in the gardens, and censing on the bricks; 4. sitting in the graves, and
in the holes they will lodge, eating the flesh of swine, and broth of
filthy things (is in) their vessels; 5. the (men) saying, Keep to thyself,
come not near to me, for I am holy to thee,—these (are) a smoke in My
wrath, a fire burning all the day (or, every day). 6 and 7. Lo, it is written
before Me, I will not rest except I repay, and I will repay into their
bosom your iniquities and the iniquities of your fathers together, saith
Jehovah, who burned incense on the mountains, and on the hills
blasphemed Me, and I will measure their first work into their bosom.
8. Thus saith Jehovah, as (when) juice is found in the cluster, and one
says, Destroy it not, for a blessing is in it, so will I do for the sake of My

servants, not to destroy the whole. 9. And I will bring forth from Jacob
a seed, and from Judah an heir of My mountains, and My chosen ones
shall inherit it, and My servants shall dwell there. 10. And Sharon shall
be for (or, become) a home of flocks, and the valley of Achor a lair of
herds, for My people who have sought Me.
11. And (as for) you, forsakers of Jehovah, the (men) forgetting My holy
mountain, the (men) setting for Fortune a table, and the (men) filling
for Fate a mingled draught; 12. and I have numbered you to the sword,
and all of you to the slaughter shall bow; because I called and ye did
not answer, I spake and ye did not hear, and ye did the (thing that was)
evil in my eyes, and that which I desired not ye chose.
13 and 14. Therefore thus saith the Lord Jehovah, Lo! My servants shall
eat and ye shall hunger; lo, My servants shall drink and ye shall thirst;
lo, My servants shall rejoice and ye shall be ashamed; lo, My servants
shall shout from gladness of heart, and ye shall cry from grief of heart,
and from brokenness of spirit ye shall howl. 15. And ye shall leave your
name for an oath to My chosen ones, and the Lord Jehovah shall slay
thee, and shall call His servants by another name (lit. call another
name to them), 16. (by) which the (man) blessing himself in the land
(or, earth) shall bless himself by the God of truth, and (by which) the
(man) swearing in the land (or, earth) shall swear by the God of truth,
because forgotten are the former enmities (or, troubles), and because
they are hidden from My eyes.
17. For lo I (am) creating (or, about to create) new heavens and a new
earth, and the former (things) shall not be remembered, and shall not
come up into the mind (lit. on the heart). 18. But rejoice and be glad
unto eternity (in) that which I (am) creating, for lo, I (am) creating
Jerusalem a joy, and her people a rejoicing. 19. And I will rejoice in
Jerusalem, and joy in My people; and there shall not be heard in her
again the voice of weeping and the voice of crying. 20. There shall be
no more from there an infant of days, and an old man who shall not
fulfil his days, for the child a hundred years old shall die, and the sinner
a hundred years old shall be accursed. 21 and 22. And they shall build
houses and inhabit (them), and shall plant vineyards and eat the fruit

of them, they shall not build and another inhabit, they shall not plant
and another eat; for as the days of a tree (shall be) the days of My
people, and the work of their hands My chosen ones shall wear out (or,
survive). 23. They shall not labour in vain, and they shall not bring
forth for terror; for the seed of the blessed of Jehovah are they, and
their offspring with them. 24. And it shall be (or, come to pass), that
they shall not yet have called and I will answer, yet (shall) they (be)
speaking and I will hear. 25. The wolf and the lamb shall feed as one,
and the lion like the ox shall eat straw, and the serpent dust (for) his
food. They shall not hurt and they shall not corrupt (or, destroy) in all
My holy mountain, saith Jehovah.
LXVI.—[This chapter winds up the prophetic discourse with an express
prediction of the change of dispensation, and a description of the
difference between them. Jehovah will no longer dwell in temples
made with hands, ver. 1. Every sincere and humble heart shall be His
residence, ver. 2. The ancient sacrifices, though Divinely instituted, will
henceforth be as hateful as the rites of idolatry, ver. 3. They who still
cling to the abrogated ritual will be fearfully but righteously requited,
ver. 4. The true Israel cast out by these deluded sinners shall ere long
be glorified, and the carnal Israel fearfully rewarded, vers. 5, 6. The
ancient Zion may already be seen travailing with a new and glorious
dispensation, vers. 7–9. They who mourned for her seeming
desolation, now rejoice in her abundance and her honour, vers. 10–14.
At the same time the carnal Israel shall be destroyed, as apostates and
idolaters, vers. 15–17. The place where they once occupied shall now be
filled by the elect from all nations, ver. 18. To gather these, a remnant of
the ancient Israel shall go forth among the Gentiles, ver. 19. They shall
come from every quarter, and by every mode of conveyance, ver. 20.
They shall be admitted to the sacerdotal honours by the chosen people,
ver. 21. This new dispensation shall not be temporary, like the one
before it, but shall last for ever, ver. 22. While the spiritual Israel is thus
replenished from all nations, the apostate Israel shall perish by a
lingering decay in the sight of an astonished world, ver. 23, 24.]

1. Thus saith Jehovah, the heavens (are) My throne, and the earth My
footstool; where is (or, what is) the house which ye will build for Me,
and where is (or, what is) the place of My rest? 2. And all these My own
hand made, and all these were (or, are), saith Jehovah; and to this one
will I look, to the afflicted and contrite in spirit, and trembling at My
word.
3. Slaying the ox, smiting a man—sacrificing the sheep, breaking a
dog’s neck—offering an oblation, blood of swine—making a memorial
of incense, blessing vanity—also they have chosen their ways, and in
their abominations has their soul delighted. 4. I also will choose their
vexations, and their fear I will bring unto them; because I called and
there was no answering, I spake and they did not hear, and they did evil
in My eyes, and that which I delight not in they chose.
5. Hear the word of Jehovah, ye that tremble at His word. Your brethren
say, (these) hating you and casting you out for My name’s sake, Jehovah
will be glorified, and we shall gaze upon our joy—and they shall be
ashamed. 6. A voice of tumult from the city! A voice from the temple!
The voice of Jehovah, rendering requital to His enemies!
7. Before she travailed she brought forth, before her pain came she was
delivered of a male. 8. Who hath heard such a thing? Who hath seen
such things? Shall a land be brought forth in one day, or shall a nation
be born at once? For Zion hath travailed, she hath also brought forth
her children. 9. Shall I bring to the birth and not cause to bring forth?
saith Jehovah. Or am I the one causing to bring forth, and shall I shut
up? saith thy God.
10. Rejoice ye with Jerusalem, and exult in her, all that love her; and be
glad with her with gladness, all those mourning for her. 11. that ye may
suck and be satisfied from the breast of her consolations, that ye may
milk out and enjoy yourselves, from the fulness (or, the full breast) of
her glory. 12. For thus saith Jehovah, Behold, I am extending to her
peace like a river, and like an overflowing stream the glory of nations;
and ye shall suck; on the side shall ye be borne, and on the knees shall
ye be dandled. 13. As a man who his mother comforteth, so will I

comfort you, and in Jerusalem shall ye be comforted. 14. And ye shall
see, and your heart shall leap (with joy), and your bones like grass shall
sprout, and the hand of Jehovah shall be known to His servants, and
He shall be indignant at His enemies.
15. For lo, Jehovah in fire will come, and like the whirlwind His
chariots, to appease in fury His anger, and His rebuke in flames of fire.
16. For by fire is Jehovah striving and by His sword with all flesh, and
multiplied (or, many) are the slain of Jehovah. 17. The (men) hallowing
themselves and the (men) cleansing themselves to (or, towards) the
gardens after one in the midst, eaters of swine’s flesh and vermin and
mouse, together shall cease (or, come to an end), saith Jehovah.
18. And I—their works and their thoughts—it is come—to gather all
the nations and the tongues—and they shall come and see My glory.
19. And I will place in them (or, among them) a sign, and I will send of
them survivors (or, escaped ones) to the nations, Tarshish, Pul, and
Lud, drawers of the bow, Tubal and Javan, distant isles, which have not
heard my fame, and have not seen My glory, and they shall declare My
glory among nations. 20. And they shall bring all your brethren from
all nations, an oblation to Jehovah, with horses, and with chariot, and
with litters, and with mules, and with dromedaries, on My holy
mountain Jerusalem, saith Jehovah, as the children of Israel bring the
oblation in a clean vessel to the house of Jehovah. 21. And also of them,
will I take for the priests, for the Levites, saith Jehovah. 22. For as the
new heavens and the new earth, which I am making (or, about to
make), are standing (or, about to stand) before Me, saith Jehovah, so
shall stand your name and your seed.
23. And it shall be (or, come to pass) that from new-moon to new-
moon (or, on every new-moon), and from Sabbath to Sabbath (or, on
every Sabbath), shall come all flesh to bow themselves (or, worship)
before Me, saith Jehovah. 24. And they shall go forth and gaze upon the
carcasses of the men who revolted (or, apostatised) from Me, for their
worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be quenched, and they shall
be a horror to all flesh.

TRANSLATION
of the
PROPHECIES OF ISAIAH,
By Delitzsch and Martin.[1]
general title.—chap. i. 1.
Seeing of Yesha’-yahu, son of Amoz, which he saw over Judah and
Jerusalem in the days of Uzziyahu, Jotham, Ahaz, and Yehizkiyahu, the
kings of Judah.
PART I.
prophecies relating to the onward course of the great mass of the
people towards hardening of heart.—chaps. i.–vi.
Opening Address Concerning the Ways of Jehovah with His Ungrateful
and Rebellious Nation.—Chap. i. 2., sqq.
2. Hear, O heavens; and give ear, O earth; for Jehovah speaketh! I have
brought up children, and raised them high, and they have fallen away
from Me. 3. An ox knoweth its owner, and an ass its master’s crib: Israel
doth not know, my people doth not consider.
4. Woe upon the sinful nation, the guilt-laden people, the miscreant
race, the children acting corruptly! They have forsaken Jehovah,
blasphemed Israel’s Holy One, turned away backwards.
5. Why would ye be perpetually smitten, multiplying rebellion? Every
head is diseased, and every heart is sick. 6. From the sole of the foot
even to the head there is no soundness in it: cuts, and stripes, and
festering wounds; they have not been pressed out, nor bound up, nor

has there been any soothing with oil. 7. Your land . . . a desert; your
cities . . . burned with fire; your field . . . foreigners consuming it before
your eyes, and a desert like overthrowing by strangers. 8. And the
daughter of Zion remains like a hut in a vineyard; like a hammock in a
cucumber field, as a besieged city. 9. Unless Jehovah of hosts had left
us a little of what had escaped, we had become like Sodom, we were
like Gomorrah.
10. Hear the word of Jehovah, ye Sodom judges; give ear to the law of
our God, O Gomorrah nation! 11. What is the multitude of your slain
offerings to Me? saith Jehovah. I am satiated with the whole offerings
of rams, and the fat of stalled calves; and blood of bullocks and sheep
and he-goats I do not like. 12. When ye come to appear before My face,
who hath required this at your hands, to tread My courts? 13. Continue
not to bring lying meat offering; abomination incense is it to Me. New-
moon and Sabbath, calling of festal meetings . . . I cannot bear
ungodliness and a festal crowd. 14. Your new-moons and your festive
seasons My soul hateth; they have become a burden to Me; I am weary
of bearing them. 15. And if ye stretch out your hands, I hide Mine eyes
from you; if ye make ever so much praying, I do not hear: your hands
are full of blood.
16. Wash, clean yourselves; put away the badness of your doings from
the range of My eyes; cease to do evil; 17. learn to do good, attend to
judgment, set the oppressor right, do justice to the orphan, conduct
the cause of the widow.
18. O come, and let us reason together, saith Jehovah. If your sins come
forth like scarlet cloth, they shall become white as snow; if they are red
as crimson, they shall come forth like wool! 19. If ye then shall willingly
hear, ye shall eat the good of the land; 20. if ye shall obstinately rebel,
ye shall be eaten by the sword! for the mouth of Jehovah hath spoken
it.
21. How is she become an harlot, the faithful citadel! she, full of right,
lodged in righteousness, and now——murderers. 22. Thy silver has
become dross, thy drink mutilated with water. 23. Thy rulers are

rebellious and companions of thieves; every one loveth presents, and
hunteth after payment; the orphan they right not, and the cause of the
widow has no access to them.
24. Therefore, saying of the Lord, of Jehovah of hosts, of the Strong
One of Israel; Ah! I will relieve Myself on Mine adversaries, and will
avenge Myself upon Mine enemies; 25. and I will bring My hand over
thee, and will smelt out thy dross as with alkali, and will clear away all
thy lead. 26. And I will bring back thy judges as in the olden time, and
thy counsellors as in the beginning; afterwards thou wilt be called City
of Righteousness, Faithful Citadel.
27. Zion will be redeemed through judgment, and her returning ones
through righteousness; 28. and breaking up of the rebellious and
sinners together; and those who forsake Jehovah will perish. 29. For
they become ashamed of the terebinths, in which ye had your delight;
and ye must blush for the gardens, in which ye took pleasure. 30. For ye
shall become like a terebinth with withered leaves, and like a garden
that hath no water. 31. And the rich man becomes tow, and his work
the spark; and they will both burn together, and no one extinguishes
them.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Reprinted from the Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of
Isaiah, by Franz Delitzsch, D.D. Translated from the German by the
Rev. James Martin, B.A. 2 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
the way of general judgment; or the course of israel from false glory to
the true—chaps. ii.–iv.
II.—1. The word which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw of Judah and
Jerusalem.

2. And it cometh to pass at the end of the days, the mountain of the
house of Jehovah will be set at the top of the mountains, and exalted
over hills; all nations pour unto it. 3. And peoples in multitude go and
say, Come, let us go up to the mountain of Jehovah, to the house of the
God of Jacob; let Him instruct us out of His ways, and we will walk in
His paths: for instruction will go out from Zion, and the word of
Jehovah from Jerusalem. 4. And He will judge between the nations, and
deliver justice to many peoples; and they forge their swords into
coulters, and their spears into pruning-hooks. Nation lifts not up
sword against nation, neither do they exercise themselves in war any
more.
5. O house of Jacob, come, let us walk in the light of Jehovah.
6. For Thou hast rejected Thy people, the house of Jacob; for they are
filled with things from the east and are conjurors like the Philistines;
and with the children of foreigners they go hand in hand. 7. And their
land is filled with silver and gold, and there is no end in their treasures;
and their land is filled with horses, and there is no end of their
chariots. 8. And their land is filled with —— idols; the work of their
own hands they worship, that which their own fingers have made.
9. Thus, then, men are bowed down, and lords are brought low; and
forgive them—no, that Thou wilt not. 10. Creep into the rock, and bury
thyself in the dust, before the terrible look of Jehovah, and before the
glory of His majesty. 11. The people’s eyes of haughtiness are humbled,
and the pride of their lords is bowed down; and Jehovah, He only,
stands exalted in that day.
12. For Jehovah of hosts hath a day over everything towering and lofty,
and over everything exalted; and it becomes low. 13. As upon all the
cedars of Lebanon, the lofty and exalted, so upon all the oaks of
Bashan; 14. as upon all mountains, the lofty ones, so upon all hills the
exalted ones; 15. as upon every high tower, so upon every fortified wall;
16. as upon all ships of Tarshish, so upon all works of curiosity. 17. And
the haughtiness of the people is bowed down, and the pride of the
lords brought low; and Jehovah, He alone, stands exalted in that day.

18. And the idols pass utterly away. 19. And they will creep into caves in
the rocks, and cellars in the earth, before the terrible look of Jehovah,
and before the glory of His majesty, when He ariseth to put the earth in
terror. 20. In that day will a man cast away his idols of gold; and his
idols of silver, which they made for him to worship, to the moles and to
the bats; 21. to creep into the cavities of the stone-blocks, and into the
clefts of the rocks, before the terrible look of Jehovah and before the
glory of His majesty, when He arises to put the earth in terror.
22. Oh then, let man go, in whose nose is a breath, for what is he to be
estimated at? III.—1. For, behold, the Lord, Jehovah of hosts, takes
away from Jerusalem and from Judah supporter and means of support,
every support of bread and every support of water; 2. hero and man of
war, judge and prophet, and soothsayer and elder; 3. captains of fifty,
and the highly distinguished, and counsellors, and masters in art, and
those skilled in muttering. 4. And I will give the boys for princes, and
caprices shall rule over them. 5. And the people oppress one another,
one this and another that; the boy breaks out violently upon the old
man, and the despised upon the honoured. 6. When a man shall take
hold of his brother in his father’s house, Thou hast a coat, thou shalt
be our ruler, and take this ruin under thy hand; 7. he will cry out in that
day, I do not want to be a surgeon; there is neither bread nor coat in my
house: ye cannot make me the ruler of the people.
8. For Jerusalem is ruined and Judah fallen; because their tongue and
their doings are against Jehovah, to defy the eyes of His glory. 9. The
look of their faces testifies against them, and their sin they make
known like Sodom, without concealing it: woe to their soul! for they do
themselves harm. 10. Say of the righteous, that it is well with him; for
they will enjoy the fruit of their doings. 11. Woe to the wicked! it is ill;
for what his hands have wrought will be done to him. 12. My people, its
oppressors are boys, and women rule over it; my people, thy leaders are
misleaders, who swallow up the way of thy paths.
13. Jehovah has appeared to plead, and stands up to judge the nations.
14. Jehovah will proceed to judgment with the elders of His people, and
its princes. And ye, ye have eaten of the vineyard; prey of the suffering

is in your houses. 15. What mean ye that ye crush My people, and grind
the face of the suffering? thus saith the Lord of hosts.
16. Jehovah hath spoken: because the daughters of Zion are haughty,
and walk about with extended throat, and blinking with the eyes, walk
about with tripping gait, and tinkle with their foot-ornaments: 17. the
Lord of all makes the crown of the daughters of Zion scabbed, and
Jehovah will uncover their shame. 18. On that day the Lord will put
away the show of the ankle-clasps, and of the head-bands, and of the
crescents; 19. the ear-rings, and the arm-chains, and the light veils;
20. the diadems, and the stepping-chains, and the girdles, and the
smelling-bottles, and the amulets; 21. the finger-rings and the nose-
rings; 22. the gala dresses, and the sleeve-frocks, and the wrappers, and
the pockets; 23. the hand-mirrors, and the Sindu-cloths, and the
turbans, and the gauze mantles. 24. And instead of balmy scent there
will be mouldiness, and instead of artistic ringlets a baldness, and
instead of the dress-cloak a frock of sack-cloth, branding instead of
beauty. 25. Thy men fall by the sword, and thy might in war. 26. Then
will her gates lament and mourn, and desolate is she and sits down
upon the ground. IV.—1. And seven women lay hold of one man in that
day, saying, We will eat our own bread, and wear our own clothes; only
let thy name be named upon us, take away our reproach.
2. In that day will the Sprout of Jehovah become an ornament and
glory, and the fruit of the land pride and splendour for the redeemed of
Israel. 3. And it will come to pass, whoever is left in Zion and remains
in Jerusalem, holy will he be called, all who are written down for life in
Jerusalem: 4. when the Lord shall have washed away the filth of the
daughters of Zion, and shall have purged away the blood-guiltiness of
Jerusalem from the midst thereof, by the spirit of judgment and by the
spirit of sifting. 5. And Jehovah creates over every spot of mount Zion,
and over its festal assemblies, a cloud by day, and smoke, and the
shining and flaming fire by night; for over all the glory comes a canopy;
6. and it will be a booth for shade by day and covert from storm and
from rain.

judgment of devastation upon the vineyard of jehovah.—chap. v.
Closing Words of the First Cycle of Prophecies.
1. Arise, I will sing of my beloved, a song of my dearest touching His
vineyard.
My beloved had a vineyard on a flatly-nourished mountain-horn,
2. and dug it up and cleared it of stones, and planted it with noble
vines, and built a tower in it, and also hewed out a winepress therein;
and hoped that it would bring forth grapes, and it brought forth wild
grapes.
3. And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah, judge, I pray
you, between Me and My vineyard! 4. What could have been done
more to My vineyard that I have not done in it! Wherefore did I hope
that it would bring forth grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes?[1]
5. Now then, I will tell you what I will do at once to My vineyard: Take
away its hedges, and it shall be for grazing; pull down its wall, and it
shall be for treading down; 6. and I will put an end to it: it shall not be
pruned nor dragged, and it shall break out in thorns and thistles, and I
will command the clouds to rain no rain over it. 7. For the vineyard of
Jehovah of hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are the
plantation of His delight: He waited for justice, and behold, grasping;
for righteousness, and behold, a shriek!
8. Woe unto them that join house to house, who lay field to field, till
there is no more room, and ye alone are dwelling in the midst of the
land. 9. Into mine ears, Jehovah of hosts: Of a truth many houses shall
become a wilderness, great and beautiful ones deserted. 10. For ten
yokes of vineyard will yield one pailful, and a quarter of seed-corn will
produce a bushel.
11. Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning to run after strong
drink: who continue till late at night with wine inflaming them! 12. And
guitar and harp, kettle-drum, and flute, and wine is in their feast; but

they regard not the work of Jehovah, and see not the purpose of His
hands.
13. Therefore My people go into banishment without knowing; and
their glory will become starving men, and their tumult men dried up
with thirst. 14. Therefore the under-world opens its jaws wide, and
stretches open its mouth immeasurably wide; and the glory of
Jerusalem descends, and its tumult, and noise, and those who rejoice
within it. 15. Then are mean men bowed down, and lords humbled, and
the eyes of lofty men are humbled. 16. And Jehovah of hosts shows
Himself exalted in judgment, and God the Holy One sanctifies Himself
in righteousness; 17. and lambs feed as upon their pasture, and nomad
shepherds eat the waste places of the fat ones.[2]
18. Woe unto them that draw crime with cords of lying, and sin as with
the rope of the waggon; 19. who say, Let Him hasten, accelerate His
work, that we may see; and let the counsel of the Holy One of Israel
draw near and come, that we may experience it.
20. Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; who give out
darkness for light, and light for darkness; who give out bitter for sweet,
and sweet for bitter.
21. Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their
own sight.
22. Woe unto those who are heroes to drink wine, and brave men to
mingle strong drink; 23. who acquit criminals for a bribe, and take away
from every one the righteousness of the righteous.
24. Therefore, as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and hay sinks
together in the flame, their root will become like mould, and their
blossom fly up like dust; for they have despised the law of Jehovah of
hosts, and scornfully rejected the proclamation of the Holy One of
Israel. 25. Therefore is the wrath of Jehovah kindled against His people,
and He stretches His hand over them, and sites them; then the hills
tremble, and their carcass become like sweepings in the midst of the
streets.

For all this His anger is not appeased, and His hand is stretched out
still, 26. and lifts up a banner to the distant nations, and hisses to it
from the end of the earth; and, behold, it comes with haste swiftly.
27. There is none exhausted, and none stumbling among them: it gives
itself no slumber, and no sleep; and to none is the girdle of his hips
loosed; and to none is the lace of his shoes broken; 28. he whose arrows
are sharpened, and all his bows strung; the hoofs of his horses are
counted like flint, and his wheels like the whirlwind. 29. Roaring issues
from it as from the lioness: it roars like lions, and utters a low murmur;
seizes the prey, carries it off, and no one rescues. 30. And it utters a
deep roar over it in that day like the roaring of the sea: and it looks to
the earth, and behold darkness, tribulation, and light; it becomes night
over it in the clouds of heaven.[3]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Barnes, Birks, Henderson, Kay, Strahey, and the Revised English
Bible, translate this clause substantially as it is in the A. V.:—e.g.,
Henderson, “Why, when I expected it to produce grapes did it
produce bad grapes?”
[2] Henderson’s translation of this paragraph is especially vigorous
and beautiful:—
13. Therefore My people are led captive at unaware
Their nobility are starvelings,
And their multitude are parched with thirst.
14. Therefore Sheol enlarges her appetite,
And gapes immeasurably with her mouth;
And down go her nobility and her multitude.
Her noisy throng, and whoever in her that exultest.
15. The man of mean condition is bowed down,
And the man of rank is brought low;
And the eyes of the haughty are humbled.
16. But Jehovah of hosts is exalted through justice,
And the Holy God is sanctified through righteousness.

17. The lambs shall feed wherever they are driven,
And the waste fields of the rich, strange flocks shall consume.
[3] And one shall look to the earth,
And lo! darkness! trouble!
And the light is obscured by the gloomy clouds.—Barnes.
And one shall look unto the earth, and, behold, darkness; even the
light is an adversary (or, is anguish); dark is it amidst the clouds
thereof.—Kay.
the prophet’s account of his own divine mission.—chap. vi.
1. The year that king Uzziah died, I saw the Lord of all sitting upon a
high and exalted throne, and His borders filling the temple. 2. Above it
stood the seraphim: each one had six wings; with two he covered his
face, with two he covered his feet, and with two he did fly. 3. And one
cried to the other, and said,
Holy, holy, holy! is Jehovah of hosts!
Filling the whole earth is His glory.
4. And the foundation of the threshold shook with the voice of them
that cried; and the house became full of smoke.
5. Then said I, Woe unto me! for I am lost; for I am a man of unclean
lips, and I am dwelling among a people of unclean lips: for mine eyes
have seen the King, Jehovah of hosts.
6. And one of the seraphim flew to me with a red-hot coal in his hand,
which he had taken with the tongs from the altar. 7. And he touched
my mouth with it, and said, Behold, this hath touched thy lips, and
thine iniquity is taken away; and so thy sin is expiated.
8. Then I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send, and
who will go for us? Then I said, Behold me here; send me!
9. He said, Go, and tell this people, Hear on, and understand not; and
look on, but perceive not. 10. Make ye the heart of this people greasy,

and their ears heavy, and their eyes sticky; that they may not see with
their eyes, and hear with their ears, and their heart understand, and
they be converted, and one heal them.
11. Then said I, Lord, how long?
And He answered, Until towns are wasted without inhabitant, and
houses are without men, and the ground shall be laid waste, a
wilderness, 12. and Jehovah shall put men far away, and there shall be
many forsaken places within the land. 13. And is there still a tenth
therein, this also is given up to destruction, like the terebinth and like
the oak, of which, when they are felled, only a root stump remains:
such a root stump is the holy seed.[1]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] And though there be only a tenth part in it, even that shall be
again consumed; yet as a teil-tree, and as an oak, whose stocks
[stumps] remain to them, when they are felled, so the holy seed
shall be the stock [stump] thereof.—Strachey.
PART II.
consolation of immanuel in the midst of the assyrian oppressions.—
chaps. vii.–xii.
Divine Sign of the Virgin’s Wondrous Son.—Chap. vii.
1. It came to pass, in the days of Ahaz the son of Jotham, the son of
Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin the king of Aramæa, and Pekah the
son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up toward Jerusalem to war
against it, and (he) could not make war upon it. 2. And it was told the
house of David, Aram has settled down upon Ephraim: then his heart
shook, and the heart of the people, as trees of the wood shake before
the wind.

3. Then said Jehovah to Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou and
Shear-jashub thy son, to the end of the aqueduct of the upper pool, to
the road of the fuller’s field; 4. and say unto him, Take heed, and keep
quiet; and let not thy heart become soft from these two smoking
firebrand stumps! at the fierce anger of Rezin, and Aram, and the son
of Remaliah. 5. Because Aram hath determined evil over thee, Ephraim
and the son of Remaliah, saying, 6. We will march against Judah, and
terrify it, and conquer it for ourselves, and make the son of Tabeal king
in the midst of it: 7. thus saith the Lord Jehovah, It will not be brought
about, and will not take place. 8. For head of Aram is Damascus, and
head of Damascus Rezin, and in five-and-sixty years will Ephraim as a
people be broken to pieces. 9. And head of Ephraim is Samaria, and
head of Samaria the son of Remaliah; if ye believe not, surely ye will
not remain.
10. And Jehovah continued speaking to Ahaz as follows: 11. Ask thee a
sign of Jehovah thy God, going deep down into Hades, or high up to
the height above. 12. But Ahaz replied, I dare not ask, and dare not
tempt Jehovah. 13. And he spake, Hear ye now, O house of David! Is it
too little to you to weary men, that ye weary my God also? 14. Therefore
the Lord, He will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin conceives, and
bears a son, and calls his name Immanuel. 15. Butter and honey will he
eat, at the time that he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good.
16. For before the boy shall understand to refuse the evil and choose
the good, the land will be desolate, of whose two kings thou art afraid.
17. Jehovah will bring upon thee, and upon thy people, and upon thy
father’s house, days such as have not come since the day when Ephraim
broke away from Judah—the king of Asshur. 18. And it comes to pass in
that day, Jehovah will hiss for the fly which is at the end of the Nile-
arms of Egypt, and the bees that are in the land of Asshur; 19. and they
come and settle all of them in the valleys of the slopes, and in the clefts
of the rocks, and in all the thorn-hedges, and upon all grass-plats.
20. In that day will the Lord shave with a razor, the thing for hire on the
shore of the river, with the king of Assyria, the head and the hair of the
feet: and even the beard it will take away. 21. And it will come to pass in

that day, that a man will keep a small cow and a couple of sheep;
22. and it comes to pass, for the abundance of the milk they will give he
will eat cream: for butter and honey will every one eat that is left within
the land. 23. And it will come to pass in that day, every place where a
thousand vines stood at a thousand silverlings will have become thorns
and thistles. 24. With arrows and with bows will men go, for the whole
land will have become thorns and thistles. 25. And all the hills that
were accustomed to be hoed with the hoe, thou wilt not go to them for
fear of thorns and thistles; and it has become a gathering-place for
oxen, and a treading-place for sheep.
two omens of the immediate future.—chap. viii. 1–4.
1. Then Jehovah said to me, Take a large slab, and write upon it with
common strokes, “In speed spoil, booty hastens:” 2. and I will take to
me trustworthy witnesses, Uriyah the priest, and Zehcaryahu the son
of Yeberechyahu.
3. And I drew near to the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a
son: and Jehovah said to me, Call his name In-speed-spoil-booty-
hastens (Maher-shalal-hash-baz): 4. for before the boy shall know how
to cry, My father, and my mother, they will carry away the riches of
Damascus, and the spoil of Samaria, before the king of Asshur.
esoteric addresses—chap. viii. 5–xii.
A.—Consolation of Immanuel in the Coming Darkness.—Chap. viii. 5–
ix. 6.
5. And Jehovah proceeded still further to speak to me, as follows:—
6. Forasmuch as this people refuseth the waters of Siloah that go softly,
and regardeth as a delight the alliance with Rezin and the son of
Remalyahu, 7. therefore, behold! the Lord of all bringeth up upon
them the waters of the river, the mighty and the great, the king of

Assyria, and all his military power: and he riseth over all his channels,
and goeth over all his banks, 8. and presses forward into Judah,
overflows and pours onward, till it reaches the neck, and the
spreadings out of its wings fill the breadth of thy land, Immanuel.
9. Exasperate yourselves, O nations, and go to pieces; and see it, all
who are far off in the earth! Gird yourselves, and go to pieces; gird
yourselves, and go to pieces! 10. Consult counsel, and it comes to
nought; speak the word, and it is not realised: for with us is God.
11. For Jehovah hath spoken thus to me, overpowering me with God’s
hand, and instructing me not to walk in the way of this people, saying,
12. Call ye not conspiracy all that this people calls conspiracy; and what
is feared by it, fear ye not, neither think ye dreadful. 13. Jehovah of
hosts, sanctify Him; and let Him be your fear, and let Him be your
terror. 14. So will He become a sanctuary, but a stone of stumbling and
a rock of offence (vexation) to both the houses of Israel, a snare and a
trap to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 15. And many among them shall
stumble, and shall fall; and be dashed to pieces, and be snared and
taken.
16. Bind up the testimony, seal the lesson in my disciples. 17. And I will
wait upon Jehovah, who hides His face before the house of Jacob, and
hope for Him. 18. Behold, I and the children which God hath given me
for signs and types in Israel, from Jehovah of hosts, who dwelleth upon
mount Zion. 19. And when they shall say to you, Inquire of the
necromancers, and of the soothsayers that chirp and whisper:—should
not a people inquire of its God? for the living to the dead? 20. To the
teaching of God, and to the testimony! If they do not accord with this
word, they are a people for whom no morning dawns. 21. And it goes
about therein hardly pressed and hungry: and it comes to pass, when
hunger befalls it, it frets itself, and curses by its king and by its God,
and turns its face upward, 22. and looks to the earth, and behold
distress and darkness, benighting with anguish, and thrust out into
darkness.

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