Lecture 4 assembly language

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The document provides an overview of assembly language, including: - Assembly language is a symbolic representation of machine language that facilitates program writing. An assembler translates assembly code into machine code. - Assembly language is hardware dependent and differs for each processor type. It offers advantages like debugging, compilers, embedded systems, and optimized code size/speed. Disadvantages include development time, reliability, maintainability, and portability. - Assembly language elements include labels, mnemonics, operands, and comments. Macros and subroutines can simplify programs by grouping instructions as single entities.

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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
T S Pradeep Kumar
VIT University – Chennai Campus
http://www.pradeepkumar.org

Topics
• CPU Behavior
• Accumulator Based CPU
• Assembly language
• Pros and Cons of Assembly Language
• Elements of Assembly Language
• Example: AC = AC x N
• Greatest Common Divisor
• Macros and Subroutines

Accumulator based CPU
• All the arithmetic calculations happens at the Accumulator
register
• Instructions are fetched by the program control Unit
(PCU).
• They are executed in Data processing Unit (DPU)
• Instruction are typically look like this

• X1 = fi (X1, X2)
• X1, X2 denotes a CPU register (AC, DR, or PC) or an
external memory location M (address)

Accumulator based CPU
• fi is operation performed by the ALU are limited to Fixed
point addition, subtraction, shifting and logical operations.

Assembly Language
• An assembly language is a symbolic representation of the
machine language of a specific processor, augmented by
additional types of statements that facilitate program
writing and that provide instructions to the assembler
• An assembler is a program that translates assembly
language into machine code.
• Assembly Language is hardware dependent with a
different assembly language for each type of processor.

Advantages of Assembly Language over
HLL
• Debugging and Verification
• Making compilers
• Embedded systems
• Hardware drivers and system code
• Accessing instructions that are not accessible from HLL
• Self modifying code
• Optimizing code for size and speed
• Function libraries

Disadvantages of Assembly language
• Development time
• Reliability and security
• Debugging and verifying is difficult
• Maintainability
• Portability
• Compilers have been improved a lot in recent years

Assembly language elements
• Label
• Mnemonic
• Operands
• Comment

Example: AC = AC x N
Label Mnemonic, operands Comments
One 00…001 The constant one
Multi N The multiplier
Ac 00...000 Location for initial value of Y in AC
Prod 00…000 Location for partial product P
ST ac Save initial value of Y of AC
Loop LD mult Load N into AC to test for termination
BZ exit Exit if N=0; otherwise continue
LD one Load 1 into AC
MOV DR, AC Move 1 from AC to DR
LD mult Load N into AC to decrement it
SUB Subtract 1 from N
ST mult Store decremented N
LD ac Load initial value Y of AC
MOV DR, AC Move Y from AC to DR

Continued…
Label Mnemonic, operands comments
LD prod Load current partial product P
ADD Add Y to P
ST prod Store the new partial product P
BR loop Branch to Loop
Exit …..

Macros and Subroutines
• Macros and subroutines are useful for the simplification of
program
• Group of instructions to be treated as a single entities
• Name MACRO Operand,…
………}
ENDM
• Macros are helpful in creating new opcode names
• Introduce new data types and addressing modes

Macros
• Example of MACRO
• LDAI MACRO ADR
LDHL ADR
MOV A,M
ENDM
Later,
LDAI 1000H
becomes a separate instruction

Subroutines
• Also called as procedure
• A subroutine definition is assembled into object code
• Two executable instructions
• CALL or JUMP TO SUBROUTINE
• RETURN
CALL SUB1
NEXT …..
…...
SUB1 ……
……
RETURN

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1. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE T S Pradeep Kumar VIT University – Chennai Campus http://www.pradeepkumar.org

2. Topics • CPU Behavior • Accumulator Based CPU • Assembly language • Pros and Cons of Assembly Language • Elements of Assembly Language • Example: AC = AC x N • Greatest Common Divisor • Macros and Subroutines

3. CPU Behavior

5. Accumulator based CPU • All the arithmetic calculations happens at the Accumulator register • Instructions are fetched by the program control Unit (PCU). • They are executed in Data processing Unit (DPU) • Instruction are typically look like this • X1 = fi (X1, X2) • X1, X2 denotes a CPU register (AC, DR, or PC) or an external memory location M (address)

6. Accumulator based CPU • fi is operation performed by the ALU are limited to Fixed point addition, subtraction, shifting and logical operations.

7. Assembly Language • An assembly language is a symbolic representation of the machine language of a specific processor, augmented by additional types of statements that facilitate program writing and that provide instructions to the assembler • An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine code. • Assembly Language is hardware dependent with a different assembly language for each type of processor.

8. Advantages of Assembly Language over HLL • Debugging and Verification • Making compilers • Embedded systems • Hardware drivers and system code • Accessing instructions that are not accessible from HLL • Self modifying code • Optimizing code for size and speed • Function libraries

9. Disadvantages of Assembly language • Development time • Reliability and security • Debugging and verifying is difficult • Maintainability • Portability • Compilers have been improved a lot in recent years

10. Assembly language elements • Label • Mnemonic • Operands • Comment

11. Example: AC = AC x N Label Mnemonic, operands Comments One 00…001 The constant one Multi N The multiplier Ac 00...000 Location for initial value of Y in AC Prod 00…000 Location for partial product P ST ac Save initial value of Y of AC Loop LD mult Load N into AC to test for termination BZ exit Exit if N=0; otherwise continue LD one Load 1 into AC MOV DR, AC Move 1 from AC to DR LD mult Load N into AC to decrement it SUB Subtract 1 from N ST mult Store decremented N LD ac Load initial value Y of AC MOV DR, AC Move Y from AC to DR

12. Continued… Label Mnemonic, operands comments LD prod Load current partial product P ADD Add Y to P ST prod Store the new partial product P BR loop Branch to Loop Exit …..

13. Example - GCD

14. Example - GCD

15. Macros and Subroutines • Macros and subroutines are useful for the simplification of program • Group of instructions to be treated as a single entities • Name MACRO Operand,… ………} ENDM • Macros are helpful in creating new opcode names • Introduce new data types and addressing modes

16. Macros • Example of MACRO • LDAI MACRO ADR LDHL ADR MOV A,M ENDM Later, LDAI 1000H becomes a separate instruction

17. Subroutines • Also called as procedure • A subroutine definition is assembled into object code • Two executable instructions • CALL or JUMP TO SUBROUTINE • RETURN CALL SUB1 NEXT ….. …... SUB1 …… …… RETURN

18. Subroutines

19. EVALUATION……

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