issues in desigining routing protocols
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The document discusses key issues in designing ad-hoc wireless routing protocols. It outlines challenges like mobility, bandwidth constraints from a shared radio channel, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also notes resource constraints from limited battery, processing power, and size. The document proposes ideal characteristics for routing protocols, including being fully distributed, adaptive to topology changes, loop-free, and minimizing overhead through localized routing and limited broadcasts. It suggests protocols should converge quickly and use resources sparingly.
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[Please copy the link and paste it into any web browser to access the content.]
Video Link: https://youtu.be/kIEqwzhHJ54
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YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 6-14-2025.pptxYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC) BLUF:
The Texas outbreak has slowed down, but sporadic cases continue to emerge in Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.
Elsewhere in the US, we continue to see signs of acceleration due to outbreaks outside the Southwest (North Dakota, Montana, and Colorado) and travel-related cases. Measles exposures due to travel are expected to pose a significant challenge throughout the summer.
The U.S. is on track to exceed its 30-year high for measles cases (1,274) within the next two weeks.
Here is the latest update:
CURRENT CASE COUNT: 919
•Texas: 744 (+2) (55% of cases are in Gaines County).
•New Mexico: 81 (83% of cases are from Lea County).
•Oklahoma: 20 (+2)
•Kansas: 74 (+5) (38.89% of the cases are from Gray County).
HOSPITALIZATIONS: 104
• Texas: 96 (+2) – This accounts for 13% of all cases in Texas.
• New Mexico: 7 – This accounts for 9.47% of all cases in New Mexico.
• Kansas: 3 – This accounts for 5.08% of all cases in the state of Kansas.
DEATHS: 3
•Texas: 2 – This is 0.27% of all cases in Texas.
•New Mexico: 1 – This is 1.23% of all cases in New Mexico.
US NATIONAL CASE COUNT: 1,197
INTERNATIONAL SPREAD
•Mexico: 2337 (+257), 5 fatalities
‒Chihuahua, Mexico: 2,179 (+239) cases, 4 fatalities, 7 currently hospitalized.
•Canada: 3,207 (+208), 1 fatality
‒Ontario Outbreak, Canada: 2,115 (+74) cases, 158 hospitalizations, 1 fatality.
‒Alberta, Canada: 879(+118) cases, 5 currently hospitalized.
Vitamin and Nutritional Deficiencies.pptx
Vitamin and Nutritional Deficiencies.pptxVishal Chanalia Vitamin and nutritional deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, needed for proper functioning. This can lead to various health problems, including weakened immunity, stunted growth, fatigue, poor wound healing, cognitive issues, and increased susceptibility to infections and diseases. Long-term deficiencies can cause serious and sometimes irreversible health complications.
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 6-14-2025.pptx
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 6-14-2025.pptxYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC)
issues in desigining routing protocols
- 1. Issues in Designing Adhoc Wireless routing Protocols T S Pradeep kumar h"p://www.nsnam.com
- 2. Issues in routing Mobility Bandwidth constraint Error prone shared broadcast radio channel hidden and exposed terminal problems Resource Constraints
- 3. Mobility highly dynamic frequent path breaks frequent topology changes
- 4. Bandwidth constraints Radio band is limited, hence the data rates are smaller when compared with the wired network so bandwidth has to be used carefully to avoid overheads topology changes incur more control overhead in turn consumes more bandwidth
- 5. shared broadcast radio channel wireless links have time varying characteristics the routing protocols interacts with the MAC layer for finding the routes or alternate routes so collision of data and control packets
- 6. Hidden terminal problem Assuming B is the intermediate node between A and C. A and C are sending data to B. A is hidden to C and C is hidden to A. But both are visible to B. Since A and C are hidden terminals, the packets sent by both the nodes at the same time causes collision at node B. This can be avoided by using RTS-CTS messages and also using RTS- CTS- Data- ACK.
- 7. Exposed Terminal Problem Node arrangement is A<-->B<-->C<-->D B is sending to A and at the same time C wants to send to D, but it cannot, because of inability of use of radio spectrum. when B-> A and C->D to happen simultaneously, then the transmitting frequency of C to be different from the receiving frequency.
- 8. Resource Constraints Battery life processing power size and weight constraints
- 9. Ideal characteristics of routing protocol Fully distributed (it is more fault tolerant than centralized) adaptive to frequent topology changes route computation and maintenance must involve minimum number of nodes localized, loop free and free from stale routes number of broadcasts to be limited to avoid packet collisions must converge to optimal route in case of path break or path failure
- 10. Ideal characteristics of routing protocol Scarce use of battery, bandwidth, computing power, memory, etc. store information locally within the nodes (to store only the stable local route, rather than the remote unstable route) Should support some Quality of service and also to support time sensitive traffic