![#Functions shift and unshift
@colors=(“red”,”blue”,”yellow”);
$new_el=“green”;
#use unshift to append $new_el to start of array
unshift(@colors, $new_el);
@colors is now:
“green”,“red”,”blue”,”yellow”
#use shift to remove an element from the front of array
shift(@colors);
@colors is now:
“red”,”blue”,”yellow”
Accessing an element of the array
@colors = (“red”,”blue”,”yellow”);
print “$colors[0]” #prints: red
$#colors #index of last element of array
print “$colors[$#colors]; #prints: yellow
print @colors #prints: redblueyellow
print “@colors” #print: red blue yellow
$colors = "@colors"; #assigns colors to string
print $colors; #prints: red blue yellow
7](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2620429/85/Lecture19-20-7-320.jpg)
![Loops contd…
For Loop
for($i=0;$i<=$#colors;$i++)
{
print “The color is : $colors[$i]n”;
}
While Loop
$i=0;
while($i=<=$#colors)
{
print “$colors[$i]n”;
$i++;
}
Conditionals
#if $a is equal red print the color is red
If($a eq ‘red’) { print “the color is $an”;}
#in any other case (if $a not equal to red) print $a is not red
else { print “The color $a is not redn”;}
#if $a is equal to 1 , add 2 to $a
If($a ==1){ $a = $a+2;}
#elsif $a is equal to 2, add 3 to $a
elsif ($a ==2) {$a =$a+3;}
#in any other case add 1 to $a
else { $a++;}
#if $a is equal to 1 AND $b is equal to red: print Color 1 is red
If(($a==1)||($b eq ‘red’)){print “Color $a is $bn”;}
9](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2620429/85/Lecture19-20-9-320.jpg)
![RE’s contd
[a-z] (matches any lower case letter)
[a-zA-z] (matches any letter)
In the previous example a line was matched under the following
condition:
if($line =~/^(d+)(.*).$/)
The RE would match the line: 10 people went to the concert.
(d+) = 10; This is assigned to default variable $1
(.*) = “people went to the concert”; This is assigned to $2
Perl groups the elements specified by () together and assigns it a
default variable: $1,$2…etc.
print “$1n”; # prints : people went to the concert
Substitution
#substitution is a useful facility in perl which can be used to
replace one element with another
#replaces all instances of lafayette (lc) in $sentence to Lafayette (uc);
$sentence =~ s/lafayette/Lafayette/;
#replaces all instances of red in $sentence to blue
$sentence =~s/red/blue/;
Example
$sentence= “the red and white dress”;
$sentence =~s/red/blue/;
$sentence is now = “the blue and white dress”
14](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2620429/85/Lecture19-20-14-320.jpg)
![sub moving_average($)
{
my $increment = shift; # Increment for average
my $index; # Current item for average
my @result; # Averaged data
for ($index = 0;
$index <= $#raw_data - $increment;
$index++) {
my $total = sum(@raw_data[$index..$index + $increment -1]);
push (@result, $total / $increment);
}
return(@result);
} sub sum(@)
{
my @array = @_; # The array to sum
my $the_sum = 0; # Result so far
here a selection of
the @raw_data foreach my $element (@array) {
$the_sum += $element;
array is passed to }
sum() using the return ($the_sum);
}
.. operator
17](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2620429/85/Lecture19-20-17-320.jpg)
Lecture19-20
- 1. Programming in Perl Randy Julian Lilly Research Laboratories The Crash Course… Getting Perl (CPAN, PPM) Getting/using the ptkdb debugger print “hello worldn” About variables: strings, numbers, arrays Operators and expressions About flow control Introduction to regular expressions Using Perl file I/O Basic subroutines and modules An assembly of material harvested from various sources 1
- 2. Getting Perl Windows: www.activestate.com download “ActivePerl” (Either 5.6.x or 5.8.x) Run windows installer Linux: Probably already installed (standard on most) Latest version (5.6.x/5.8) via either RPM (from ActiveState or RedHat) or from source: cpan.perl.org Getting the ptkdb debugger Windows: C:WINDOWS>perl -e “use Devel::ptkdb;” If this gives an error, you need to install the debugger PPM: Perl Package Manager C:WINDOWS>PPM PPM>install Devel::ptkdb Linux: $ perl -MCPAN -e ‘install “Devel::ptkdb” ’ From: “Perl for C Programmers” 2
- 3. A Perl Tutoral Modified from: Nano Gough http://www.computing.dcu.ie/~ngough/perl/tutorial.ppt 3
- 4. Perl Tutorial Running Perl Printing Scalar Variables Operations and Assignment Arrays Loops Conditionals File handling Regular Expressions Substitution Split Associative Arrays Running Perl #!/usr/local/bin/perl ( tells the file to run through perl) Use .pl extension perl programName (to run the program) perl -d programName (to run using debugger) perl – w programName (to run with warnings) 4
- 5. Printing #The hash symbol (#) is use to comment lines of code ; Every statement in perl ends with a semi-colon (;) print “Hello World. I love perl.”; #prints: Hello World.I love perl. print “Hello WorldnI love perln”; #prints: Hello World. I love perl. Scalar Variables Strings/Numbers: $name = “mary”; $age = 27; $income = 1_000_000; # underscores are ignored in numbers Operations and Assignment (* multiplication) ( division) (- subtraction) $a = 1 + 2; # Add 1 and 2 and store in $a $a = 5 % 2; # Remainder of 5 divided by 2 ++$a; # Increment $a and then return it $a++; # Return $a and then increment it --$a; # Decrement $a and then return it $a--; # Return $a and then decrement it 5
- 6. Operations and Assignment contd.. $a = 5; $b=7; $a = $b; # Assign $b to $a ($a=7) $a += $b; or $a=$a+b; # Add $b to $a ($a=12) $a -= $b; or $a=$a-$b; # Subtract $b from $a ($a=-2) Concatenation $a = ‘Monday’; $b=‘Tuesday’; $c=$a.” “.$b; $c= ‘Monday Tuesday’; # Single quote: “don’t do anything to string” $d= “$a and $b”; # Double quote: “interpret any variables in string” print $d; # prints ‘Monday and Tuesday’; Arrays Initialize an array/set to null @colors=(); Functions push and pop #assign elements to array @colors @colors=(“red”,”blue”,”yellow”); #use push function to add an element to the end of array push(@colors,”green”); #colors now contains: “red”,”blue”,”yellow”,”green” #use pop function to remove an element from the end of array pop(@colors); #colors now contains “red”, “blue”, “yellow” 6
- 7. #Functions shift and unshift @colors=(“red”,”blue”,”yellow”); $new_el=“green”; #use unshift to append $new_el to start of array unshift(@colors, $new_el); @colors is now: “green”,“red”,”blue”,”yellow” #use shift to remove an element from the front of array shift(@colors); @colors is now: “red”,”blue”,”yellow” Accessing an element of the array @colors = (“red”,”blue”,”yellow”); print “$colors[0]” #prints: red $#colors #index of last element of array print “$colors[$#colors]; #prints: yellow print @colors #prints: redblueyellow print “@colors” #print: red blue yellow $colors = "@colors"; #assigns colors to string print $colors; #prints: red blue yellow 7
- 8. Loops #Loops can be used to iterate through elements of an array foreach Loop foreach $el (@colors) { print “The color is : $eln”; } #The foreach loop iterates through the array element by #element. In #the first iteration $el is assigned the value of the first element of #colors (ie; red) etc.. #The result of executing this foreach statement is: The color is : red The color is : blue The color is : yellow Testing Numbers $a == $b # Is $a numerically equal to $b? # don’t use $a=$b as this will not compare but just assign $b to $a $a != $b # Is $a numerically unequal to $b? $a<$b / $a>$b # Is $a less than/greater than $b $a <=$b / $a >=$b # Is a less than or equal to/ g.t or eq to $b Strings $a eq $b # Is $a string-equal to $b? $a ne $b # Is $a string-unequal to $b? #You can also use logical and, or and not: ($a && $b) # Is $a and $b true? ($a || $b) # Is either $a or $b true? !($a) 8
- 9. Loops contd… For Loop for($i=0;$i<=$#colors;$i++) { print “The color is : $colors[$i]n”; } While Loop $i=0; while($i=<=$#colors) { print “$colors[$i]n”; $i++; } Conditionals #if $a is equal red print the color is red If($a eq ‘red’) { print “the color is $an”;} #in any other case (if $a not equal to red) print $a is not red else { print “The color $a is not redn”;} #if $a is equal to 1 , add 2 to $a If($a ==1){ $a = $a+2;} #elsif $a is equal to 2, add 3 to $a elsif ($a ==2) {$a =$a+3;} #in any other case add 1 to $a else { $a++;} #if $a is equal to 1 AND $b is equal to red: print Color 1 is red If(($a==1)||($b eq ‘red’)){print “Color $a is $bn”;} 9
- 10. Some other string comparison operators: eq - equality ne - not equal lt - less than le - less than equal to gt - greater than ge - greater than equal to File handling Opening a file $filename =“MyFile.txt”; open(FILE,"/data/MyFile.txt") || die ("Cannot open file MyFile : $!n"); File: Filehandle for MyFile.txt Die: If the file cannot be opened for reading the program will ‘die’ (ie quit execution) and the reason for this will be returned in $! The above file has been opened for reading : open(FILE,”filename”); To open a file for writing: open(FILE,”>OutFile.txt”); Outfile.txt will be overwritten each time the program is executed To open a file for appending: open(FILE,”>>Append.txt”); Close File: close(FILE); 10
- 11. File processing #open input file for reading open(IN,”InFile.txt”)|| die “Can’t open file….$!n”; #open output file for writing open(OUT,>”OutFile.txt”)|| die “Cant open file….$!n”; while(<IN>) #while there are still lines in InFile.txt { $line=$_; #read in the lines one at a time chop($line); #remove end of line character #if $line meets conditional print to OutFile.txt if($line eq “Number 7”) { print OUT “$linen”; } #endif }#endWhile close(IN); close(OUT); #close Files Regular expressions #A regular expression is contained in slashes, and matching occurs with the =~ operator. #The following expression is true if the string the appears in variable $sentence. $sentence =~ /the/ #The RE is case sensitive, so if $sentence = "The quick brown fox"; then the above match will be false. $sentence !~/the/ (True) because the (lower case) is not in $sentence #To eliminate case use i $sentence =!/the/i; (True) because case has been eliminated with i 11
- 12. These Special characters can be used to match the following: . # Any single character except a newline ^ # The beginning of the line or string $ # The end of the line or string * # Zero or more of the last character + # One or more of the last character ? # Zero or one of the last character s+ (matches one or more spaces) d+ (matches one or more digits) t (matches a tab) n (matches a new line) b (matches a word boundary) test.txt: open(FILE,"test.txt"); # while(<FILE>) { 100 This matches. $line=$_; chop($line); 200 This does not if($line !~ /this/i) That does not. { print "$linen"; } } close(FILE) # Output: That does not. 12
- 13. An Example using RE’s TASK : We have a file containing lines in different formats. We want to pick out the lines which start with a digit and end in a period. open(FILE,"test.txt"); while(<FILE>) { $line=$_; chop($line); if($line =~ /^d+(.*).$/) { print "$linen"; } } close(FILE) ^d+ (specifies that $line must begin with a digit) (.*) This digit can be followed by any character any no. of times . This is followed by a period (The slash is included to make the ‘.’ literal ) $. This specifies that the previous character (‘.’) must be the last on the line test.txt: open(FILE,"test.txt"); while(<FILE>) # { 100 This matches. $line=$_; chop($line); 200 This does not if($line =~ /^d+(.*).$/) That does not. { print "$linen"; } } close(FILE) Output: 100 This matches. 13
- 14. RE’s contd [a-z] (matches any lower case letter) [a-zA-z] (matches any letter) In the previous example a line was matched under the following condition: if($line =~/^(d+)(.*).$/) The RE would match the line: 10 people went to the concert. (d+) = 10; This is assigned to default variable $1 (.*) = “people went to the concert”; This is assigned to $2 Perl groups the elements specified by () together and assigns it a default variable: $1,$2…etc. print “$1n”; # prints : people went to the concert Substitution #substitution is a useful facility in perl which can be used to replace one element with another #replaces all instances of lafayette (lc) in $sentence to Lafayette (uc); $sentence =~ s/lafayette/Lafayette/; #replaces all instances of red in $sentence to blue $sentence =~s/red/blue/; Example $sentence= “the red and white dress”; $sentence =~s/red/blue/; $sentence is now = “the blue and white dress” 14
- 15. Split #split is a useful function : splits up a string and puts it on an #array $example = “Luke I am your father”; @name=split(/s+/,$example); @name = “Luke”, “I”, “am”, “your”, “father” #using split you can also assign elements to variables $name = “Luke:Skywalker”; ($first_name, $surname)=split(/:/,$name); $first_name = “Luke”; $surname=“Skywalker”; Associative arrays / hashes The elements of associative arrays have keys with associated values Initialize %Mygrades=(); Assign elements $Mygrades{‘CHM696’}=90; $Mygrades{‘CHM621’}=70; $Mygrades{‘CHM624’}=50; Printing while(($key,$value)=each(%Mygrades)) {print “$key => $valuen”;} ptkdb has trouble with each() Prints: CHM696 => 90 CHM621 => 70 CHM624 => 50 15
- 16. Plain Old Documentation (POD) # The lines from here to the =cut are part of Sample run: # Perl’s internal documentation system. If you # want view the documentation use the perl test_ave.pl # command: Read 64 items Moving average # pod2text <script> 4.59666666666667 # 4.60666666666667 =pod 4.64 4.67666666666667 =head1 NAME 4.71 ... test_ave.pl - Test the moving average program =head1 AUTHOR =head1 SYNOPSIS Steve Oualline, E<lt>[email protected]<gt>. perl test_ave.pl =head1 COPYRIGHT =head1 DESCRIPTION Copyright 2002 Steve Oualline. The I<test_ave.pl> reads a series of numbers This program is distributed under the GPL. from I<num.txt> and print a moving average spanning three data =cut points. =head1 EXAMPLES Sub-routines my @raw_data = (); my $flag = read_data("num.txt"); if (not $flag) { die("Could not read file"); } sub read_data($) { my $file = shift; # The file to read open DATA_FILE, "<$file" or return (undef); @raw_data = <DATA_FILE>; chomp(@raw_data); close(DATA_FILE); return (1); # Success } 16
- 17. sub moving_average($) { my $increment = shift; # Increment for average my $index; # Current item for average my @result; # Averaged data for ($index = 0; $index <= $#raw_data - $increment; $index++) { my $total = sum(@raw_data[$index..$index + $increment -1]); push (@result, $total / $increment); } return(@result); } sub sum(@) { my @array = @_; # The array to sum my $the_sum = 0; # Result so far here a selection of the @raw_data foreach my $element (@array) { $the_sum += $element; array is passed to } sum() using the return ($the_sum); } .. operator 17