Embedded c program and programming structure for beginners
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Embedded C programming is used to program microcontrollers that are found in many electronic devices. It involves writing code in the C language to control the functioning of embedded systems. Some key aspects of embedded C include using data types like char, int and float to store values in memory, keywords to perform specific tasks, and special function registers to access peripherals like ports and timers. The structure of an embedded C program typically involves comments, preprocessor directives, functions, variables and statements to read inputs, perform operations and output results.
Embedded c program and programming structure for beginners
- 1. Basics of Embedded C Program and Programming Structure for Beginners BY G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E.M.Tech.MISTE. FOTRONICHS,VELLORE 9791899533
- 2. Embedded C Programming is the soul of the processor functioning inside each and every embedded system we come across in our daily life, such as mobile phone, washing machine, and digital camera. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 2
- 3. Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is the embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C language is most frequently used to program the microcontroller. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 3
- 4. Earlier, many embedded applications were developed using assembly level programming. However, they did not provide portability. This disadvantage was overcome by the advent of various high level languages like C, Pascal, and COBOL. However, it was the C language that got extensive acceptance for embedded systems, and it continues to do so. The C code written is more reliable, scalable, and portable; and in fact, much easier to understand. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 4
- 5. About C Language •C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1969. •It is a collection of one or more functions, and every function is a collection of statements performing a specific task. •C language is a middle-level language as it supports high-level applications and low-level applications. •Before going into the details of embedded C programming, we should know about RAM memory organization. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 5
- 6. ∗ Salient features of the language C language is a software designed with different keywords, data types, variables, constants, etc. Embedded C is a generic term given to a programming language written in C, which is associated with a particular hardware architecture. Embedded C is an extension to the C language with some additional header files. These header files may change from controller to controller. The microcontroller 8051 #include<reg51.h> is used. ∗ The embedded system designers must know about the hardware architecture to write programs. These programs play prominent role in monitoring and controlling external devices. They also directly operate and use the internal architecture of the microcontroller, such as interrupt handling, timers, serial communication and other available features. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 6
- 8. Data typesData types The data type refers to an extensive system for declaring variables of different types like integer, character, float, etc. The embedded C software uses four data types that are used to store data in the memory. The ‘char’ is used to store any single character; ‘int’ is used to store integer value, and ‘float’ is used to store any precision floating point value. The size and range of different data types on a 32-bit machine is given in the following table. The size and range may vary on machines with different word sizes. The basic additional features of the embedded software G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 8
- 10. KeywordsKeywords There are certain words that are reserved for doing specific tasks. These words are known as keywords. They are standard and predefined in the Embedded C. Keywords are always written in lowercase. These keywords must be defined before writing the main program. The basic keywords of an embedded software are given below: G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 10
- 12. ∗ sbit: This data type is used in case of accessing a single bit of SFR register. ∗ Syntax: sbit variable name = SFR bit ; ∗ Ex: sbit a=P2^1; ∗ Explanation: If we assign p2.1 as ‘a’ variable, then we can use ‘a’ instead of p2.1 anywhere in the program, which reduces the complexity of the program. ∗ Bit: This data type is used for accessing the bit addressable memory of RAM (20h-2fh). ∗ Syntax: bit variable name; ∗ Ex: bit c; ∗ Explanation: It is a bit sequence setting in a small data area that is used by a program to remember something. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 12
- 13. ∗ SFR: This data type is used for accessing a SFR register by another name. All the SFR registers must be declared with capital letters. ∗ Syntax: SFR variable name = SFR address of SFR register; ∗ Ex: SFR port0=0x80; ∗ Explanation: If we assign 0x80 as ‘port0’, then we can use 0x80 instead of port0 anywhere in the program, which reduces the complexity of the program. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 13
- 14. SFR Register:SFR Register: ∗The SFR stands for ‘Special Function Register’. Microcontroller 8051 has 256 bytes of RAM memory. ∗This RAM is divided into two parts: the first part of 128 bytes is used for data storage, and the other of 128 bytes is used for SFR registers. ∗All peripheral devices like I/O ports, timers and counters are stored in the SFR register, and each element has a unique address. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 14
- 15. ∗ The Structure of an Embedded C Program ∗ comments ∗ preprocessor directives ∗ global variables ∗ main() function ∗ { ∗ local variables ∗ statements ∗ ………….. ∗ ………….. ∗ } ∗ fun(1) ∗ { ∗ local variables ∗ statements ∗ ………….. ∗ ………….. ∗ } G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 15
- 16. Comments: ∗In embedded C programming language, we can place comments in our code which helps the reader to understand the code easily. C=a+b; /* add two variables whose value is stored in another variable C*/ Preprocessor directives:Preprocessor directives: ∗All the functions of the embedded C software are included in the preprocessor library like “#includes<reg51.h>, #defines”. These functions are executed at the time of running the program. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 16
- 17. Global variableGlobal variable ∗A global variable is a variable that is declared before the main function, and can be accessed on any function in the program. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 17
- 18. Local variableLocal variable ∗A local variable is a variable declared within a function, and it is valid only to be used within that function. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 18
- 19. Main () functionMain () function ∗The execution of a program starts with the main function. Every program uses only one main () function. Advantages of embedded C programAdvantages of embedded C program ∗Its takes less time to develop application program. ∗It reduces complexity of the program. ∗It is easy to verify and understand. ∗It is portable in nature from one controller to another. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 19
- 20. ∗ Examples of a few Embedded C Programs ∗ The following are a few simple Embedded C programs used for microcontroller-based projects. G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 20
- 25. We hope that we have been successful in providing an easy and approachable way for the beginners of Embedded C programming. Better understanding of the Embedded C programming is the most essential prerequisite for designing embedded based projects. In addition to this, a better understanding and proper knowledge about embedded C programming help students immensely in the selection of a rewarding career. We encourage and welcome queries, suggestions and comments from our readers. Therefore, you can post your queries and feedback about this article in the comments section given below. Follow the below link for: [email protected], www,fotronichs.com G.KAMESHWARAN.B.E,M.Tech,MISTE www.fotronichs.com 25