Choosing Right Garbage Collector to Increase Efficiency of Java Memory Usage
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This document discusses various garbage collectors and their performance when used with Java applications. It provides an overview of garbage collectors like G1, Shenandoah, ZGC, OpenJ9, C4, ConcMarkSweep, Serial, Parallel, Epsilon and their configurations and performance. Load testing results of these garbage collectors are presented when run on Jelastic and Kubernetes. Methods to dynamically adjust Java heap size like -XX:SoftMaxHeapSize, -Xsoftmx and dynamic max memory limit are also covered.
![Load Testing Logic
https://github.com/jelastic/java-vertical-scaling-test/blob/ma
ster/src/com/jelastic/verticalscaling/Load.java#L50
java [OPTIONS] -jar app.jar <sleep> <mode>
where
sleep - 10
mode - 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/choosingrightgarbagecollectortoincreaseefficiencyofjavamemoryusage-190917164544/85/Choosing-Right-Garbage-Collector-to-Increase-Efficiency-of-Java-Memory-Usage-22-320.jpg)
![Load Testing Logic
java [OPTIONS] -jar app.jar <sleep> <mode>
where
sleep - 100
mode - 2
https://github.com/jelastic/java-vertical-scaling-test/blob/master/
src/com/jelastic/verticalscaling/Load.java#L64](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/choosingrightgarbagecollectortoincreaseefficiencyofjavamemoryusage-190917164544/85/Choosing-Right-Garbage-Collector-to-Increase-Efficiency-of-Java-Memory-Usage-47-320.jpg)
Choosing Right Garbage Collector to Increase Efficiency of Java Memory Usage
- 1. Choosing Right Garbage Collector for Efficient Java Memory Usage Ruslan Synytsky
- 2. Agenda ● Java Memory Usage Problems ● JDK Improvements for Elastic Java Memory Scaling ● Garbage Collection Testing Results
- 3. Heap Vertical Scaling Unreleased Heap Memory
- 4. OOM Error and OOM Killer ● OutOfMemoryError exception is usually thrown when there is insufficient space to allocate an object in the Java heap or insufficient native memory to support the loading of a Java class ● oom_kill is a job that helps to sacrifice one or more processes in order to free up memory for the system
- 6. Java Memory Consumption Problems The most widely acknowledged issue with Java EE is large memory requirements (40%), then slow startup times (40%), followed by missing technologies and specifications (20%) Jakarta EE Developer Survey 2018
- 7. Pay-Per-Use Billing Model Using automatic vertical scaling, cloud providers can offer economically advantageous pricing based on the real resource consumption Forbes - Deceptive Cloud Efficiency: Do You Really Pay As You Use?
- 8. Too Many Points to Consider
- 9. Understanding of the OutOfMemoryError Exception ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: GC Overhead limit exceeded ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Metaspace ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: request size bytes for reason. Out of swap space? ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Compressed class space ● java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: reason stack_trace_with_native_method https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/troubleshoot/memleaks002.html
- 10. Understanding of the OutOfMemoryError Exception
- 12. OOM Killer
- 13. OOM Killer
- 14. Runtime Environments ● Application Containers ● System Containers ● Virtual Machines
- 15. Heap Vertical Scaling Unreleased Heap Memory
- 16. Calling Full GC Periodically (Before OpenJDK12) https://github.com/jelastic-jps/java-memory-agent Compacting GC cycles are not triggered automatically and must be executed explicitly Workaround: inject an agent which monitors the memory usage and calls System.gc() periodically: -javaagent:jelastic-gc-agent.jar=period=300,debug=true
- 17. G1 and Full GC java -XX:+UseG1GC -Xmx2g -Xms32m -jar app.jar 0 Memory grew from 32 MB to 1 GB in 25 seconds https://github.com/jelastic/java-vertical-scaling-test
- 18. Timely Reduce Unused Committed Memory (JEP 346) Make the G1 garbage collector automatically give back Java heap memory to the operating system when idle ● G1PeriodicGCInterval ● G1PeriodicGCSystemLoadThreshold ● G1PeriodicGCInvokesConcurrent JEP 346: Promptly Return Unused Committed Memory from G1 java -Xms32M -Xmx2g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:G1PeriodicGCSystemLoadThreshold=0.6 -XX:G1PeriodicGCInterval=900k -jar app.jar
- 20. Community Recognition Special Appreciation to Rodrigo Bruno Senior/Postdoc Researcher at the Systems Group in ETH Zurich. PhD in Técnico (University of Lisbon)
- 21. Running GC Tests in Jelastic
- 22. Load Testing Logic https://github.com/jelastic/java-vertical-scaling-test/blob/ma ster/src/com/jelastic/verticalscaling/Load.java#L50 java [OPTIONS] -jar app.jar <sleep> <mode> where sleep - 10 mode - 1
- 24. G1 Collector (-XX:+UseG1GC) The Garbage-First (G1) is a server-style Garbage Collector for multiprocessor machines with a large amount of memory. The heap is partitioned into fixed-sized regions and G1 tracks the live data in those regions. When Garbage Collection is required, it collects from the regions with less live data first. ● 2004, Sun Microsystems JEP 346: Promptly Return Unused Committed Memory from G1
- 25. G1 -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:G1PeriodicGCInterval=1k
- 26. G1 and G1PeriodicGCSystemLoadThreshold https://github.com/lxc/lxcfs/ Using LXCFS to Improve Container Resource Visibility Threshold for the current system load as returned by the hosts getloadavg() call to determine whether a periodic garbage collection should be triggered: ● a current system load higher than the tigger value prevents periodic garbage collections ● zero value indicates that this threshold check is disabled If running in Docker container then use
- 27. Shenandoah GC (-XX:+UseShenandoahGC) Shenandoah GC is a concurrent garbage collector for the JVM. GC tries to perform most of the activities in parallel without interrupting application performance. Such parallelism makes “stop-the-world” (STW) pauses extremely short. Another inherent advantage is an efficient work with small and large heaps with no impact on STW pauses’ length. ● 2014, Christine H. Flood, Red Hat https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/shenandoah/Main#Main-Heuristics
- 28. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseShenandoahGC -XX:ShenandoahGCHeuristics=compact Shenandoah
- 29. G1 vs Shenandoah - CPU Usage G1 Shenandoah
- 30. ZGC (-XX:+UseZGC) ZGC is low latency scalable garbage collector. Designed for use with applications that require a large heap and low latency. It uses a bunch of one generation and performs most (but not all) garbage collection in parallel with uninterrupted application work. This greatly limits the impact of garbage collection on your application response time. ● 2018, Per Liden, Oracle JEP 351: ZGC: Uncommit Unused Memory - available from JDK 13 Release
- 31. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseZGC -XX:ZUncommitDelay=1 -XX:ZCollectionInterval=30 ZGC @ Oracle OpenJDK
- 32. OpenJ9 OpenJ9 uses the Generational Concurrent (-Xgcpolicy:gencon) policy by default, which is best suited to transactional applications that have many short lived objects. Alternative policies are available, including those that cater for applications with large Java heaps (-Xgcpolicy:balanced), applications that are sensitive to response-time (-Xgcpolicy:metronome), or applications that require high application throughput (-Xgcpolicy:optthruput). ● 2017, Eclipse Foundation
- 33. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+IdleTuningCompactOnIdle -XX:+IdleTuningGcOnIdle -XX:IdleTuningMinIdleWaitTime=1 -Xjit:waitTimeToEnterDeepIdleMode=1000 Bash command to check the real usage while true do pid=$(pgrep -f java | tail -n1) used=$(ps -orss --no-headers --pid $pid) echo "scale=2 ; $used / 1024/1024" | bc sleep 1 done Inconsistent behaviour with -XX:+IdleTuningGcOnIdle, mem not released back to OS on Idle OpenJ9
- 34. C4 GC ● 2010, Gil Tene, Azul Systems The C4 (Continuously Concurrent Compacting Collector) is an updated generational form of the Azul Pauseless GC Algorithm and is the default collector of Zing®. C4 differentiates itself from other generational garbage collectors by supporting simultaneous – generational concurrency: the different generations are collected using concurrent (non-stop-the-world) mechanisms that can be simultaneously and independently active. Unlike other algorithms, it is not ‘mostly’ concurrent, but fully concurrent, so it never falls back to a stop-the-world compaction.
- 35. -Xmx500m -Xms32m -XX:+UseZST C4 @ Zing
- 36. -Xmx500m -Xms32m -XX:+UseZST C4 @ Zing
- 37. ConcMarkSweep GC (-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC) ConcMarkSweep GC collector is designed for applications that prefer shorter garbage collection pauses and which can afford to share processor resources with the garbage collector while the application is running. It makes sense to use such a collector when applications requirements for time garbage collection pauses are low. ● 2004, Sun Microsystems
- 38. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC + periodical jcmd <pid> GC.run ConcMarkSweep
- 39. Serial GC (-XX:+UseSerialGC) Serial GC performs garbage collection in a single thread and has the lowest consumption of memory among all GC types but, at the same time, it makes long pauses that can lead to application performance degradation. ● 2004, Sun Microsystems
- 40. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UseSerialGC + periodical jcmd <pid> GC.run Serial
- 41. Epsilon GC (-XX:+UseEpsilonGC) Epsilon GC is a passive GC that handles memory allocation and doesn’t clear it when objects are no longer used. When your application exhausts the Java heap, the JVM goes down. So, EpsilonGC prolongs an application life until the memory will run out and dumps the memory, that can be useful for application memory usage debugging, as well as measuring and managing application performance. ● 2014, Aleksey Shipilev, Red Hat
- 42. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseEpsilonGC Epsilon
- 43. Parallel GC (-XX:+UseParallelGC) Parallel GC is a “stop-the-world” multithreaded Garbage Collector similar to the serial collector. The primary difference is that multiple threads are used to speed up garbage collection. By default, both minor and major collections are executed in parallel to further reduce garbage collection costs. ● 2000, Sun Microsystems
- 44. -Xmx3g -Xms32m -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UseParallelGC + periodical jcmd <pid> GC.run Parallel
- 45. Running GC Tests in Kubernetes
- 46. Auto Testing Package for Kubernetes https://github.com/jelastic/java-vertical-scaling-test/blob/master/manifest-k8s.yaml
- 47. Load Testing Logic java [OPTIONS] -jar app.jar <sleep> <mode> where sleep - 100 mode - 2 https://github.com/jelastic/java-vertical-scaling-test/blob/master/ src/com/jelastic/verticalscaling/Load.java#L64
- 48. G1 in Kubernetes
- 50. ZGC @ Oracle OpenJDK in Kubernetes
- 52. C4 @ Zing in Kubernetes
- 53. Joint Comparison - Several Load Cycles RAM CPU
- 54. Resizing Xmx On the Fly
- 55. Heap Resizing Restart for Xmx Resize
- 56. -XX:SoftMaxHeapSize @ ZGC SoftMaxHeapSize is set for the GC to strive not to grow heap size beyond the specified size unless it is highly needed: ● to keep the heap footprint down, while maintaining the capability to deal with a temporary increase in heap space requirement ● with lots of margin, to increase confidence that you will not run into an allocation stall because of an unforeseen increase in allocation rate
- 57. JEP draft: Dynamic Max Memory Limit Xmx can be set higher than the container max memory limit (Cmx). And both Smx and Cmx can be adjusted on the fly without the need to restart JVM or container. At the moment the heap size can go beyond SoftMaxHeapSize (Smx) and there is no guarantee on how much the heap will grow other than up to Xmx. The problem arises when Smx < Cmx < Used Heap < Xmx: the JVM will be killed by the OS OOM Killer as it exceeds the amount of memory given to the container. We suggest to provide an option for making SoftMaxHeapSize as the hard limit, so when overshoot happens JVM will throw OOM Error which is not as bad OOM Kill. Dynamic Max Memory Limit @ G1
- 58. -Xsoftmx @ OpenJ9 https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSYKE2_8.0.0/openj9/xsoftmx/index.html Runtime adjustable heap size (-Xsoftmx) allows to adjust heap size dynamically and take advantage of hot-add of memory. You can set this option on the command line, then modify it at run time by using the com.ibm.lang.management.MemoryMXBean.setMaxHeapSize(). This option can be useful in virtualized or cloud environments, for example, where the available memory might change dynamically to meet business needs. By default, -Xsoftmx is set to the same value as -Xmx.
- 59. C4 is fully elastic and can return all empty pages to the OS after each GC cycle. However, C4 sticks to the Xmx it was given, and avoid doing heavy elastic memory dance, since relinquishing memory mappings and reestablishing them on Linux kernels is bandwidth-limited in practice by the rate of page mapping invalidation the kernel can handle. C4 goes above Xmx rather than go between Xms and Xmx. JavaMemMax option controls the true maximum. In the future it will allow both scenarios where above-Xmx is allowed and where above-Xmx is prohibited. Two modes: ● Contingency (default mode) - goes above Xmx if it absolutely has to and will work hard to collect and stay below Xmx. ● Insurance (best effort elasticity) - borrows available memory and goes above Xmx in order to delay GC whenever possible. JavaMemMax @ С4 + ZST (Zing System Tools)
- 60. Keep Only Best Java Memories Learn More Get In Touch @siruslan [email protected]