Cheatsheets / Learn JavaScript
Introduction
console.log()
The console.log() method is used to log console.log('Hi there!');
or print messages to the console. It can also be
// Prints: Hi there!
used to print objects and other info.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a programming language that
powers the dynamic behavior on most websites.
Alongside HTML and CSS, it is a core technology
that makes the web run.
Methods
Methods return information about an object, and // Returns a number between 0 and 1
are called by appending an instance with a period
Math.random();
. , the method name, and parentheses.
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Built-in Objects
Built-in objects contain methods that can be Math.random();
called by appending the object name with a
// Math is the built-in object
period . , the method name, and a set of
parentheses.
Numbers
Numbers are a primitive data type. They include let amount = 6;
the set of all integers and !oating point numbers.
let price = 4.99;
String .length
The .length property of a string returns the let message = 'good nite';
number of characters that make up the string.
console.log(message.length);
// Prints: 9
console.log('howdy'.length);
// Prints: 5
Data Instances
When a new piece of data is introduced into a
JavaScript program, the program keeps track of it
in an instance of that data type. An instance is an
individual case of a data type.
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Booleans
Booleans are a primitive data type. They can be let lateToWork = true;
either true or false .
Math.random()
The Math.random() method returns a console.log(Math.random());
!oating-point, random number in the range from
// Prints: 0 - 0.9999999999999999
0 (inclusive) up to but not including 1.
Math.floor()
The Math.floor() function returns the console.log(Math.floor(5.95));
largest integer less than or equal to the given
// Prints: 5
number.
Single Line Comments
In JavaScript, single-line comments are created // This line will denote a comment
with two consecutive forward slashes // .
Null
Null is a primitive data type. It represents the let x = null;
intentional absence of value. In code, it is
represented as null .
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Strings
Strings are a primitive data type. They are any let single = 'Wheres my bandit hat?';
grouping of characters (letters, spaces, numbers,
let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";
or symbols) surrounded by single quotes ' or
double quotes " .
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports arithmetic operators for: // Addition
+ addition
5 + 5
- subtraction
* multiplication // Subtraction
/ division 10 - 5
% modulo
// Multiplication
5 * 10
// Division
10 / 5
// Modulo
10 % 5
Multi-line Comments
In JavaScript, multi-line comments are created /*
by surrounding the lines with /* at the
The below configuration must be
beginning and */ at the end. Comments are
good ways for a variety of reasons like explaining changed before deployment.
a code block or indicating some hints, etc. */
let baseUrl =
'localhost/taxwebapp/country';
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Remainder / Modulo Operator
The remainder operator, sometimes called // calculates # of weeks in a year,
modulo, returns the number that remains after
rounds down to nearest integer
the right-hand number divides into the left-hand
number as many times as it evenly can. const weeksInYear =
Math.floor(365/7);
// calcuates the number of days left
over after 365 is divded by 7
const daysLeftOver = 365 % 7 ;
console.log("A year has " +
weeksInYear + " weeks and " +
daysLeftOver + " days");
Assignment Operators
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left let number = 100;
operand based on the value of its right operand.
Here are some of them:
+= addition assignment // Both statements will add 10
-= subtraction assignment number = number + 10;
*= multiplication assignment
number += 10;
/= division assignment
console.log(number);
// Prints: 120
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String Interpolation
String interpolation is the process of evaluating let age = 7;
string literals containing one or more
placeholders (expressions, variables, etc).
It can be performed using template literals: // String concatenation
text ${expression} text . 'Tommy is ' + age + ' years old.';
// String interpolation
`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;
Variables
Variables are used whenever there’s a need to const currency = '$';
store a piece of data. A variable contains data
let userIncome = 85000;
that can be used in the program elsewhere. Using
variables also ensures code re-usability since it
can be used to replace the same value in multiple console.log(currency + userIncome + '
places.
is more than the average income.');
// Prints: $85000 is more than the
average income.
Unde!ned
undefined is a primitive JavaScript value var a;
that represents lack of de"ned value. Variables
that are declared but not initialized to a value will
have the value undefined . console.log(a);
// Prints: undefined
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Learn Javascript: Variables
A variable is a container for data that is stored in // Examples of variables
computer memory. It is referenced by a
let name = "Tammy";
descriptive name that a programmer can call to
assign a speci"c value and retrieve it. const found = false;
var age = 3;
console.log(name, found, age);
// Prints: Tammy false 3
Declaring Variables
To declare a variable in JavaScript, any of these var age;
three keywords can be used along with a variable
let weight;
name:
var is used in pre-ES6 versions of const numberOfFingers = 20;
JavaScript.
let is the preferred way to declare a
variable when it can be reassigned.
const is the preferred way to declare
a variable with a constant value.
Template Literals
Template literals are strings that allow embedded let name = "Codecademy";
expressions, ${expression} . While regular
console.log(`Hello, ${name}`);
strings use single ' or double " quotes,
template literals use backticks instead. // Prints: Hello, Codecademy
console.log(`Billy is ${6+8} years
old.`);
// Prints: Billy is 14 years old.
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let Keyword
let creates a local variable in JavaScript & can let count;
be re-assigned. Initialization during the
console.log(count); // Prints:
declaration of a let variable is optional. A
let variable will contain undefined if undefined
nothing is assigned to it. count = 10;
console.log(count); // Prints: 10
const Keyword
A constant variable can be declared using the const numberOfColumns = 4;
keyword const . It must have an assignment.
numberOfColumns = 8;
Any attempt of re-assigning a const variable
will result in JavaScript runtime error. // TypeError: Assignment to constant
variable.
String Concatenation
In JavaScript, multiple strings can be let service = 'credit card';
concatenated together using the + operator. In
let month = 'May 30th';
the example, multiple strings and variables
containing string values have been concatenated. let displayText = 'Your ' + service
After execution of the code block, the + ' bill is due on ' + month + '.';
displayText variable will contain the
concatenated string.
console.log(displayText);
// Prints: Your credit card bill is
due on May 30th.
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